{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T06:11:48Z","timestamp":1778739108872,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Hyalomma anatolicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an important vector of veterinary and zoonotic pathogens, posing potential threats to livestock production and public health. Against the background of rising antibiotic resistance worldwide, it is necessary to explore new antimicrobial candidates. Tick defensins exhibit stable structures and strong antimicrobial activity, making them a valuable resource for the development of novel antibacterial substances.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study identified and characterized two defensin genes,\n                      <jats:italic>Han-Def1 and Han-Def2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , from\n                      <jats:italic>H. anatolicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      that were upregulated upon bacterial challenge. The genes were cloned, recombinantly expressed, and assessed for antimicrobial, hemolytic, and antioxidant activities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bioinformatic analysis confirmed that Han-Def1 and Han-Def2 are cationic defensins with a conserved cysteine-stabilized\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      fold, clustering phylogenetically with other known ixodid defensins. Both recombinant proteins exhibited potent bactericidal activity against livestock-associated\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with Han-Def1 displaying superior efficacy. Notably, neither peptide inhibited the Gram-negative\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      . At a high concentration of 750\u202f\u03bcg\/mL (182\u202f\u03bcM for rDef1 and 175\u202f\u03bcM for rDef2), the hemolytic rate against sheep erythrocytes was &amp;lt;2%, indicating excellent biocompatibility. Both defensins also possessed\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      antioxidant capacity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Collectively, Han-Def1 and Han-Def2 are low-toxicity, selective antimicrobial peptides with potential for developing therapeutics against drug-resistant Gram-positive infections in livestock.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1823759","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:33:15Z","timestamp":1778736795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of two novel defensins Han-Def1 and Han-Def2 from Hyalomma anatolicum"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Tingxiang","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingyong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","place":["China"]},{"name":"Xingjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region","place":["China"]},{"name":"Herbivorous Animal Biomedicine and Diagnostic 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