{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:15:53Z","timestamp":1778220953460,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heavy metal contamination of soil and water is an escalating global environmental issue driven by industrialization and poor waste management. This problem is no longer confined to urban areas, as even small towns are grappling with severe heavy metal contamination, posing substantial threats to human health and aquatic ecosystems. To address these issues, fungal fuel cells have become one of the most promising and environmental friendly technologies. This technology is at the forefront of efforts to combat heavy metal contamination. This method utilizes the unique properties of fungi at the biocathode to treat contaminants and remove heavy metals from soil and water. In addition to reducing pollution, this technology has the capacity to generate electrical current which can serve as an alternative to conventional remediation methods. This review aims to provide a general overview of the fungal fuel cells as a method of bioremediation to remove toxic heavy metals and while simultaneously generating electricity. This review is based on a critical analysis of the recent peer-reviewed publications focusing on the development, operation, and application of fungal fuel cells in heavy metal remediation and bioelectricity production. By exploring the potential of fungal fuel cells, the review provides insight into a future where heavy metal pollution is effectively curtailed while contributing to sustainable energy production, thereby fostering a cleaner and healthier environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1825368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:52:30Z","timestamp":1778219550000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fungal fuel cells: an environmentally friendly approach to addressing heavy metal pollution and electricity production"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Tanveer","family":"Altaf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Recep Tayyip Erdo\u011fan University","place":["Rize\/Pazar, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Umar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mustansar","family":"Mubeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha","place":["Sargodha, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Sivas University of Science and Technology","place":["Sivas, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Talha","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Knowledge Research Support Service (KRSS), University of Management and Technology","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Asif","family":"Shabbir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha","place":["Sargodha, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasir","family":"Iftikhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha","place":["Sargodha, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ahmad","family":"Zeshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha","place":["Sargodha, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoj Kumar","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Biological Sciences, IES University","place":["Bhopal, India"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Mahmoud","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pests and Plant Diseases Unit, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hossam S.","family":"El-Beltagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Biotechnology Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University","place":["Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.10.062","article-title":"Efficacy of single-chamber microbial fuel cells for removal of cadmium and zinc with simultaneous electricity production","volume":"51","author":"Abourached","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2012.11.003","article-title":"Leaching and recovery of zinc and copper from brass slag by sulfuric acid","volume":"20","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.08.009","article-title":"A review of approaches and techniques used in aquatic contaminated sediments: metal removal and stabilization by chemical and biotechnological processes","volume":"86","author":"Akcil","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2011.06.008","article-title":"Influence of artificial mediators on yeast-based fuel cell performance","volume":"112","author":"Babanova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2018.22948","article-title":"Comparative study on fungal communities of full scale municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants","volume":"131","author":"Behnamia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8277-2_13","volume-title":"Fresh Water Pollution Dynamics and Remediation","author":"Bhat","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2018.04.040","article-title":"Overview on hydrometallurgical procedures for silver recovery from various wastes","volume":"6","author":"Birloaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-009-9990-8","article-title":"Removal of selenite from wastewater using microbial fuel cells","volume":"31","author":"Catal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEP.2009.024468","article-title":"Mechanism and kinetics of Zn (II) removal from wastewater by immobilised beads of SRB sludge","volume":"37","author":"Chai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1803.03015","article-title":"Enhancing electricity generation using a laccase-based microbial fuel cell with yeast Galactomyces reessii on the cathode","volume":"28","author":"Chaijak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"167","article-title":"Chromium toxicity and its health hazards","volume":"3","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(02)00228-X","article-title":"The role of arbuscular mycorrhiza in zinc uptake by red clover growing in a calcareous soil spiked with various quantities of zinc","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.12.058","article-title":"Recovery of silver from wastewater coupled with power generation using a microbial fuel cell","volume":"107","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.11.051","article-title":"Yeast and carbon nanotube based biocatalyst developed by synergetic effects of covalent bonding and hydrophobic interaction for performance enhancement of membraneless microbial fuel cell","volume":"225","author":"Christwardana","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1219330","article-title":"Energy capture from thermolytic solutions in microbial reverse-electrodialysis cells","volume":"335","author":"Cusick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146549","article-title":"On-line monitoring of minor oil spills in natural waters using sediment microbial fuel cell sensors equipped with vertical floating cathodes","volume":"782","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-9129-8","article-title":"The use of bacterial bioremediation of metals in aquatic environments in the twenty-first century: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"de Alencar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.08.084","article-title":"Bacterial\u2013fungal interactions enhance power generation in microbial fuel cells and drive dye decolourisation by an ex situ and in situ electro-Fenton process","volume":"148","author":"de Dios","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-016-0584-6","article-title":"Diverse metabolic capacities of fungi for bioremediation","volume":"56","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.3390\/su7022189","article-title":"Bioremediation of heavy metals from soil and aquatic environment: an overview of principles and criteria of fundamental processes","volume":"7","author":"Dixit","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8010023","article-title":"A comprehensive insight into fungal enzymes: structure, classification, and their role in mankind's challenges","volume":"8","author":"El-Gendi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fung. (Basel)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122037","article-title":"Remediation of cadmium and lead polluted soil using thiol-modified biochar","volume":"388","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3390","DOI":"10.3390\/en12173390","article-title":"Overview of recent advancements in the microbial fuel cell from fundamentals to applications: design, major elements, and scalability","volume":"12","author":"Flimban","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2016.07.006","article-title":"Yeast surface display of dehydrogenases in microbial fuel-cells","volume":"112","author":"Gal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.06.040","article-title":"Bioleaching of multiple metals from contaminated sediment by moderate thermophiles","volume":"97","author":"Gan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2020.118857","article-title":"Renewable energies driven electrochemical wastewater\/soil decontamination technologies: a critical review of fundamental concepts and applications","volume":"270","author":"Ganiyu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1039\/C6EW00020G","article-title":"Long-term performance of a 200 liter modularized microbial fuel cell system treating municipal wastewater: treatment, energy, and cost","volume":"2","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125269","article-title":"Co-production of hydrogen and electricity from macroalgae by simultaneous dark fermentation and microbial fuel cell","volume":"336","author":"Gebreslassie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E230","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1361608jes","article-title":"Electrochemical conversion of CO\u2082 in molten CaCl\u2082\u2013LiCl\u2013CaO utilizing a low-cost (1\u2212x) CaTiO\u2083\u2013x Ni inert anode","volume":"163","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3856-x","article-title":"Mechanism of Cr (VI) reduction by Aspergillus niger: enzymatic characteristic, oxidative stress response, and reduction product","volume":"22","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9101893","article-title":"Performance of a yeast-mediated biological fuel cell","volume":"9","author":"Gunawardena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105800","article-title":"Sustainable composite sensor material for optical cadmium (II) monitoring and capturing from wastewater","volume":"161","author":"Hasan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.02.011","article-title":"Characterisation of yeast microbial fuel cell with the yeast Arxula adeninivorans as the biocatalyst","volume":"26","author":"Haslett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.12.069","article-title":"Advances in microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment","volume":"71","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2013.03.067","article-title":"Phosphorus recovery from artificial wastewater by microbial fuel cell and its effect on power generation","volume":"137","author":"Hirooka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2018.04.001","article-title":"Bio-electrochemical system for recovery of silver coupled with power generation and wastewater treatment from silver (I) diammine complex","volume":"23","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.11.011","article-title":"Synergetic interactions improve cobalt leaching from lithium cobalt oxide in microbial fuel cells","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioelechem.2009.07.005","article-title":"Potential application of Candida melibiosica in biofuel cells","volume":"78","author":"Hubenova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-019-00430-9","article-title":"The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially","volume":"97","author":"Hyde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fungal Divers."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.05.050","article-title":"Biosorption and biotransformation of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)]: a comprehensive review","volume":"207","author":"Jobby","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1021\/es010590g","article-title":"Siderophore mediated plutonium accumulation by microbacterium flavescens (JG-9)","volume":"35","author":"John","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2013.12.011","article-title":"A milliliter-scale yeast-based fuel cell with high performance","volume":"83","author":"Kaneshiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.534.76","article-title":"Effect of metal modification to carbon paper anodes on the performance of yeast-based microbial fuel cells part \u0399: in the case without exogenous mediator","volume":"534","author":"Kasem","year":"2013","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.08.047","article-title":"Enhanced bio-decolorization of acid orange 7 and electricity generation in microbial fuel cells with superabsorbent-containing membrane and laccase-based bio-cathode","volume":"166","author":"Lai","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.02.116","article-title":"Graphene\/carbon cloth anode for high-performance mediatorless microbial fuel cells","volume":"114","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2006.04.006","article-title":"Microbial fuel cells: novel microbial physiologies and engineering approaches","volume":"17","author":"Lovley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2017.03.132","article-title":"Long-term performance of a 20-L continuous flow microbial fuel cell for treatment of brewery wastewater","volume":"356","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2017.02.019","article-title":"Alleviating effects of calcium on cobalt toxicity in two barley genotypes differing in cobalt tolerance","volume":"139","author":"Lwalaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2014.06.001","article-title":"Inducible chromate reductase exhibiting extracellular activity in Bacillus methylotrophicus for chromium bioremediation","volume":"170","author":"Mala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2016.10.012","article-title":"Decolourisation of acid orange 7 in a microbial fuel cell with a laccase-based biocathode: influence of mitigating pH changes in the cathode chamber","volume":"96","author":"Mani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-014-0474-2","article-title":"Microbial fuel cells to recover heavy metals","volume":"12","author":"Mathuriya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2016.09.010","article-title":"The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis differentially regulates the copper response of two maize cultivars differing in copper tolerance","volume":"253","author":"Merlos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.09.048","article-title":"Mixed sulfate-reducing bacteria-enriched microbial fuel cells for the treatment of wastewater containing copper","volume":"189","author":"Miran","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58622-9_6","volume-title":"Sustainable Heavy Metal Remediation: Volume 1: Principles and Processes","author":"Modestra","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2012.07.058","article-title":"Bioelectrochemical recovery of cu, Pb, cd, and Zn from dilute solutions","author":"Modin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2004.09.019","article-title":"Release, transport and attenuation of metals from an old tailings impoundment","volume":"20","author":"Moncur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2014.07.007","article-title":"Isolation and bioelectrochemical characterization of novel fungal sources with oxidasic activity applied in situ for the cathodic oxygen reduction in microbial fuel cells","volume":"66","author":"Morant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Enzym. Microb. Technol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2004.01.009","article-title":"Vanadium\u2014an element of atypical biological significance","volume":"150","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142429","article-title":"An overview of microbial fuel cell usage in wastewater treatment, resource recovery and energy production","volume":"754","author":"Munoz-Cupa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2015.06.058","article-title":"Metals removal and recovery in bioelectrochemical systems: a review","volume":"195","author":"Nancharaiah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3965","article-title":"Mechanisms and individuality in chromium toxicity in humans","volume":"40","author":"Pavesi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-018-1921-7","article-title":"Review of remediation technologies for sediments contaminated by heavy metals","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3109","article-title":"Going back to the roots: the microbial ecology of the rhizosphere","volume":"11","author":"Philippot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2014.01.032","article-title":"Yap1 mediates tolerance to cobalt toxicity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"1840","author":"Pimentel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.10.028","article-title":"Direct electron transfer with yeast cells and construction of a mediatorless microbial fuel cell","volume":"22","author":"Prasad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2021.229583","article-title":"Defect engineering tuning of MnO2 nanorods bifunctional cathode for flexible asymmetric supercapacitors and microbial fuel cells","volume":"491","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2005.04.008","article-title":"Microbial fuel cells: novel biotechnology for energy generation","volume":"23","author":"Rabaey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.11.048","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae as anodic biocatalyst for power generation in biofuel cell: influence of redox condition and substrate load","volume":"102","author":"Raghavulu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6695","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-021-05402-3","article-title":"A study on polythiophene modified carbon cloth as anode in microbial fuel cell for lead removal","volume":"46","author":"Rajendran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-14846-1_13","volume-title":"Recent Advancement in White Biotechnology through Fungi Volume 2: Perspective for Value-Added Products and Environments","author":"Raven","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105765","article-title":"Optimization of innovative composite sensor for Pb (II) detection and capturing from water samples","volume":"160","author":"Salman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.12.116","article-title":"Phytoremediation strategies for soils contaminated with heavy metals: modifications and future perspectives","volume":"171","author":"Sarwar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref72","first-page":"41","volume-title":"Old Yeasts-new Questions","author":"Sayed","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2021.105967","article-title":"Novel solid-state sensor material for efficient cadmium (II) detection and capturing from wastewater","volume":"164","author":"Shahat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20041015","article-title":"Electrochemical redox transformations of T1 and T2 copper sites in native Trametes hirsuta laccase at gold electrode","volume":"385","author":"Shleev","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-005-2169-4","article-title":"Developments in bioremediation of soils and sediments polluted with metals and radionuclides\u20131. Microbial processes and mechanisms affecting bioremediation of metal contamination and influencing metal toxicity and transport","volume":"4","author":"Tabak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8159","DOI":"10.1021\/es9014184","article-title":"Biological chromium (VI) reduction in the cathode of a microbial fuel cell","volume":"43","author":"Tandukar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.02.018","article-title":"Removal of copper from aqueous solution by electrodeposition in cathode chamber of microbial fuel cell","volume":"189","author":"Tao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.07.014","article-title":"Bacterial chromate reductase, a potential enzyme for bioremediation of hexavalent chromium: a review","volume":"146","author":"Thatoi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119741503.ch14","volume-title":"Energy: Crises, Challenges and Solutions","author":"Tiwari","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.71-73.527","article-title":"Metal-microbes interactions: beyond environmental protection","volume":"71","author":"Tsezos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00643","article-title":"An overview of electron acceptors in microbial fuel cells","volume":"8","author":"Ucar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13040687","article-title":"The role of fungal fuel cells in energy production and the removal of pollutants from wastewater","volume":"13","author":"Umar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Catalysts"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-4954-2","article-title":"Progress in bioleaching: fundamentals and mechanisms of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation\u2014part a","volume":"97","author":"Vera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-008-9792-4","article-title":"Cathodic reduction of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] coupled with electricity generation in microbial fuel cells","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2011.02.027","article-title":"Removal of Hg2+ as an electron acceptor coupled with power generation using a microbial fuel cell","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.08.013","article-title":"Bioelectrochemical metal recovery from wastewater: a review","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ese.2020.100050","article-title":"Electrochemistry-stimulated environmental bioremediation: development of applicable modular electrode and system scale-up","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Ecotechnol."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.01.012","article-title":"Electricity production from a bio-electrochemical cell for silver recovery in alkaline media","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.10.075","article-title":"Spontaneous thallium (I) oxidation with electricity generation in single-chamber microbial fuel cells","volume":"209","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(02)00323-1","article-title":"Chemistry, spectroscopy and the role of supported vanadium oxides in heterogeneous catalysis","volume":"78","author":"Weckhuysen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.003","article-title":"The divergence between fungal and bacterial communities in seasonal and spatial variations of wastewater treatment plants","volume":"628","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2012.02.058","article-title":"A white-rot fungus is used as a biocathode to improve electricity production of a microbial fuel cell","volume":"98","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53433","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA11103G","article-title":"Simultaneous removal of heavy metals and biodegradation of organic matter with sediment microbial fuel cells","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2015.08.006","article-title":"Chromium immobilization by extraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhiza contributes to plant chromium tolerance","volume":"122","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.01.046","article-title":"Copper removal and microbial community analysis in single-chamber microbial fuel cell","volume":"253","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124977","article-title":"Augmentation of chloramphenicol degradation by Geobacter-based biocatalysis and electric field","volume":"410","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147652","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of simultaneous nitritation\/denitritation and energy recovery in air-cathode microbial fuel cells (ACMFCs) treating low C\/N ratio wastewater","volume":"788","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s11368-015-1076-8","article-title":"Bioleaching of heavy metals from contaminated sediments by the Aspergillus niger strain SY1","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Soils Sediments"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2020.107909","article-title":"Effects of continuous sulfamonomethoxine shock on the power generation performance and microbial community structure of MFCs under seasonal temperature variation","volume":"167","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2018.07.021","article-title":"Algae cathode microbial fuel cells for cadmium removal with simultaneous electricity production using nickel foam\/graphene electrode","volume":"138","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3539-7","article-title":"Horizontal arrangement of anodes of microbial fuel cells enhances remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2014.12.015","article-title":"Utilization of diatomite\/chitosan\u2013Fe (III) composite for the removal of anionic azo dyes from wastewater: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics","volume":"468","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1825368\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T05:52:32Z","timestamp":1778219552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1825368\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"references-count":103,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1825368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1825368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"article-number":"1825368"}}