{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T11:47:48Z","timestamp":1793620068785,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004457","name":"The World Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004457","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n The widespread use of antibiotics in commercial food animal production for growth promotion and prophylaxis is a primary driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) globally. This study provides a systematic characterization of the drivers of pre-harvest AMR in\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. across farms in Lagos, southwestern Nigeria.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We evaluated 3,600 fecal samples from animals on commercial poultry and swine farms for\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. and for antimicrobial and virulence determinants, using established microbiological, biochemical, and molecular protocols. We further assessed farm management practices and antimicrobial use through structured questionnaires and correlated these data with antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and determinants in\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n strains recovered from fecal samples across the farms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Overall, we observed a 1.5% (54\/3,600) prevalence of\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. across the sampled animals, with 0.67, 1.67, and 2.2% in layers, broilers, and pigs, respectively. While most\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n strains showed multidrug resistance, high rates of erythromycin (80\u2013100%) and tetracycline (75\u201392.3%) resistance were observed across animal species, with multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI) ranging from 0.2 to 0.9. Molecular analysis revealed widespread distribution of major resistance determinants -\n tetA<\/jats:italic>\n (70\u2013100%),\n ant<\/jats:italic>\n (3\u201d)-\n Ia<\/jats:italic>\n (80.8\u2013100%), and\n sul1<\/jats:italic>\n (65.4\u201380%), and high prevalence of\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n -associated virulence factors, including\n iroB<\/jats:italic>\n (62.5\u201375%),\n pipD<\/jats:italic>\n (37.5\u201392.3%), and\n orfL<\/jats:italic>\n (65\u201388.5%). Furthermore, we found extensive preharvest antibiotic use [as growth promoters (53.8\u201385.7%) and prophylaxis (71.4\u201381.3%)] as well as weak positive correlations (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.058\u20130.487,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.327\u20130.913) between antibiotic use and AMR phenotypes across animal species.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n Our study reveals widespread AMR and virulence determinants in\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. from commercial farms, suggesting a potential public health risk and the need for enhanced investigation, antimicrobial stewardship, and a concerted One Health mitigation strategy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1825884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T05:35:16Z","timestamp":1777354516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Preharvest antibiotic use influences antibiotic resistance in Salmonella species from commercial poultry and swine farms in Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Timothy Obiebe Jason","family":"Odey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Anchor University","place":["Lagos, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayode Olayinka","family":"Afolabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Anchor University","place":["Lagos, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan","place":["Ibadan, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omotayo Babatunde","family":"Komolafe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Anchor University","place":["Lagos, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Williams Omotola","family":"Tanimowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Anchor University","place":["Lagos, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silas Dogara","family":"Gyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nassarawa State University","place":["Keffi, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rine Christopher","family":"Reuben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Stephen F. 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