{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:16:38Z","timestamp":1783664198945,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a key regulator of cardiovascular health; however, its functional dynamics following myocardial infarction (MI) remain poorly defined. While traditional sequencing approaches focus on microbial composition, they cannot capture real-time functional activity. In this study, we established a rat model of MI via permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery and collected fecal samples from MI and sham-operated cohorts at baseline and Days 2, 7, and 14 post-surgery. High-resolution metaproteomics was applied to quantify microbial and host proteins, integrating functional annotation, differential expression, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). We observed an acute, generalized decline in microbial diversity at Day 2 across both groups, indicative of a physiological response to surgical stress. Crucially, MI-specific divergence emerged during the subacute phase (Day 7) and persisted into recovery (Day 14). At Day 7, functional perturbations peaked in the MI group, significantly involving carbohydrate metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and oxidative stress pathways, accompanied by taxonomic shifts including the depletion of Akkermansia and enrichment of Odoribacter and Muribaculum. Concurrently, host-derived proteins displayed time-dependent alterations in lipid catabolism and redox regulation. WGCNA revealed co-regulated protein modules linked to MI status and the recovery phase, reflecting highly synchronized host\u2013microbiome responses. This time-resolved metaproteomic study demonstrates that following initial surgical stress, MI triggers dynamic, stage-specific alterations in gut microbial function and coordinated host responses, providing mechanistic insights into the gut\u2013heart axis and suggesting potential microbiota-targeted strategies to promote post-MI recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1826248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:39:49Z","timestamp":1783661989000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dynamic remodeling of the gut microbiome and host responses after myocardial infarction revealed by longitudinal metaproteomics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lvwen","family":"Ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Shenzhen Longhua District Key Laboratory of Personalized Precision Treatment for Elderly Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zixi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Shenzhen Longhua District Key Laboratory of Personalized Precision Treatment for Elderly Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanchao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixiong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Shenzhen Longhua District Key Laboratory of Personalized Precision Treatment for Elderly Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Shenzhen Longhua District Key Laboratory of Personalized Precision Treatment for Elderly Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Shenzhen Longhua District Key Laboratory of Personalized Precision Treatment for Elderly Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiehui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital","place":["Shenzhen, China"]},{"name":"Shenzhen Longhua District Key Laboratory of Personalized Precision Treatment for Elderly Coronary Heart Disease","place":["Shenzhen, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202503","DOI":"10.21542\/gcsp.2025.3","article-title":"The role of microbiome dysbiosis in cardiovascular disease: mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"2025","author":"Abdulaal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. Cardiol. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000002789","article-title":"The gut\u2013heart axis: a review of gut microbiota, dysbiosis, and cardiovascular disease development","volume":"87","author":"Abdulrahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16238","article-title":"Metaproteomics to understand how microbiota function: the crystal ball predicts a promising future","volume":"25","author":"Armengaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112409","article-title":"Microbiome interactions with different risk factors in development of myocardial infarction","volume":"189","author":"Bijla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-018-0248-8","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota-generated short-chain fatty acids in metabolic and cardiovascular health","volume":"7","author":"Chambers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-021-00383-w","article-title":"Host\/microbiota interactions in health and diseases\u2014time for mucosal microbiology!","volume":"14","author":"Daniel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.94","article-title":"Microbiota-related metabolites fueling the understanding of ischemic heart disease","volume":"2","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"95","article-title":"An update on myocardial infarction","volume":"1","author":"Fathima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Trends Med. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150006","article-title":"Pathophysiology of myocardial infarction","volume":"5","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2024.100800","article-title":"Data-independent acquisition: a milestone and prospect in clinical mass spectrometry\u2013based proteomics","volume":"23","author":"Fr\u00f6hlich","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16517","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20826-z","article-title":"Dysbiotic microbiota contributes to the extent of acute myocardial infarction in rats","volume":"12","author":"Gagn\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389311","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1389311","article-title":"Unveiling the microbiota-metabolite-myocardium axis: a novel perspective on cardiovascular health","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680101","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.680101","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231987","article-title":"Using new technologies to analyze gut microbiota and predict cancer risk","volume":"13","author":"Hemmati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071613","article-title":"Gut microbiome: profound implications for diet and disease","volume":"11","author":"Hills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14195","article-title":"The role of intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular disease","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112754","DOI":"10.4292\/wjgpt.v17.i1.112754","article-title":"Gut-brain axis and post-operative cognitive dysfunction: a multifactorial perspective on microbiota, inflammation, and cognitive health","volume":"17","author":"Joshi","year":"2026","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829378","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.829378","article-title":"Metagenomics versus metatranscriptomics of the murine gut microbiome for assessing microbial metabolism during inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Jovel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9050980","article-title":"Metaproteomics\u2014an advantageous option in studies of host-microbiota interaction","volume":"9","author":"Karaduta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz135","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota and cardiovascular disease","volume":"115","author":"Katsimichas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.1.5.657-662.2002","article-title":"Life and death in a macrophage: role of the glyoxylate cycle in virulence","volume":"1","author":"Lorenz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eukaryot. Cell"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e32465","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.32465","article-title":"Role of gut microbiome in cardiovascular events: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Mansuri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.001203","article-title":"On the limits of 16S rRNA gene-based metagenome prediction and functional profiling","volume":"10","author":"Matchado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583422","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.583422","article-title":"Postoperative ileus and postoperative gastrointestinal tract dysfunction: pathogenic mechanisms and novel treatment strategies beyond colorectal enhanced recovery after surgery protocols","volume":"11","author":"Mazzotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00031-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00031-18","article-title":"American gut: an open platform for citizen science microbiome research","volume":"3","author":"McDonald","year":"2018","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00328-5","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids-producing and mucin-degrading intestinal bacteria predict the progression of early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Nishiwaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Parkinson's Dis."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2022.111572","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites for gut-brain axis signalling","volume":"546","author":"O\u2019Riordan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.15747\/ACNM.25.0023","article-title":"Postoperative gut dysbiosis and its clinical implications, with an emphasis on probiotic strategies in gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy: a narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10467","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910467","article-title":"A proteogenomic approach to unveiling the complex biology of the microbiome","volume":"25","author":"Pavelescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2017.00004","article-title":"Metaproteomics as a complementary approach to gut microbiota in health and disease","volume":"5","author":"Petriz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104513","article-title":"Genome-scale metabolic modelling of the human gut microbiome reveals changes in the glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism in metabolic disorders","volume":"25","author":"Proffitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iscience"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.125.325516","article-title":"Gut-heart axis: the role of gut microbiota and metabolites in heart failure","volume":"136","author":"Snelson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009397","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009397","article-title":"Metaproteomics as a tool for studying the protein landscape of human-gut bacterial species","volume":"18","author":"Stamboulian","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2024.100763","article-title":"The landscape and perspectives of the human gut metaproteomics","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2280","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13122280","article-title":"Comparison of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics tools: a guide to making the right choice","volume":"13","author":"Terr\u00f3n-Camero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02260-4","article-title":"Cardiometabolic health, diet and the gut microbiome: a meta-omics perspective","volume":"29","author":"Valles-Colomer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.20517\/mrr.2024.21","article-title":"Assessing fecal metaproteomics workflow and small protein recovery using DDA and DIA PASEF mass spectrometry","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2004.00687.x","article-title":"The application of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and downstream analyses to a mixed community of prokaryotic microorganisms","volume":"6","author":"Wilmes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm2203085","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide-a marker for atherosclerotic vascular disease","volume":"22","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01390-0","article-title":"Beneficial effect of the short-chain fatty acid propionate on vascular calcification through intestinal microbiota remodelling","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113247","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota and derived metabolites in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"28","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110787","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1110787","article-title":"The implication of gut microbiota in recovery from gastrointestinal surgery","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.02.011","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite TMAO enhances platelet hyperreactivity and thrombosis risk","volume":"165","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1826248\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T05:39:51Z","timestamp":1783661991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1826248\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1826248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1826248","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"article-number":"1826248"}}