{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T16:58:38Z","timestamp":1784912318889,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacteria exhibit two lifestyles: planktonic, free-floating individual cells or sessile multicellular aggregates known as biofilms. The biofilm life cycle is characterized by three distinct stages: attachment, maturation and dispersal. Consequently, specific adaptations occur at each stage, governing cellular behaviors such as adhesion and the synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix components. Characterizing stage-specific bacterial profiles therefore represents a valuable strategy for the development of novel antibiofilm therapies. Here, we used the model biofilm-forming bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    PAO1 to characterize the transcriptional profiles of each stage of the biofilm life cycle: attachment, biofilm maturation and spontaneous dispersal in closed cultures. We report that, relative to biofilm dispersal, surface attachment coincided with the upregulation of genes comprising the Pil-Chp mechanosensory system (2.00\u20137.37-fold), whereas biofilm maturation was characterized by the upregulation of genes involved in Pel polysaccharide synthesis (\u223c2.5-fold relative to either attachment or dispersal),\n                    <jats:italic>siaD<\/jats:italic>\n                    and PA4396 diguanylate cyclases as well as phosphodiesterases\n                    <jats:italic>pipA, fimX<\/jats:italic>\n                    and PA5442 (2.08\u20133.73-fold relative to biofilm dispersal). In contrast with cells undergoing biofilm maturation, dispersing cells upregulated genes responsible for the biosynthesis of alginate, rhamnolipid, and extracellular nucleases (\n                    <jats:italic>eddA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 3.28-fold; and\n                    <jats:italic>eddB<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2.95-fold), as well as the transcriptional regulator of dispersal\n                    <jats:italic>amrZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    (6.27-fold). Additionally, genes involved in the biosynthesis and sensing of the dispersal signal cis-2-decenoic acid (\n                    <jats:italic>dspS<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 2.04-fold; and\n                    <jats:italic>dspI<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 5.59-fold), canonical phosphodiesterases (\n                    <jats:italic>nbdA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 7.56-fold; and\n                    <jats:italic>rbdA<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 3.03-fold), four non-canonical HD-GYP phosphodiesterases and seven other c-di-GMP\u2013related enzymes were also upregulated during dispersal. Altogether, this work provides benchmarking stage-specific transcriptional profiles characterizing the biofilm life cycle of\n                    <jats:italic>P. aerugiosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    in closed systems. Furthermore, it allowed the identification of a subset of fourteen genes as transcriptional biomarkers of dispersal, which were used to build reporter plasmids as tools to determine the onset of dispersal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1826561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T05:25:56Z","timestamp":1776317156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transcriptional profiling of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm life cycle stages reveals dispersal-specific biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xavier","family":"Bertran Forga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunity and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Fairfull-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jilong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunity and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makrina","family":"Totsika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunity and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]},{"name":"Max Planck Queensland Centre, Queensland University of Technology","place":["Brisbane, QLD, Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8160","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01233-10","article-title":"Modulation of pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm dispersal by a cyclic-di-gmp phosphodiesterase with a putative hypoxia-sensing domain.","volume":"76","author":"An","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. 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