{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:00:08Z","timestamp":1777950008873,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Mycoplasma synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n (\n M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n ) is an economically significant pathogen that causes respiratory infections, synovitis, and arthritis in chickens, inflicting substantial economic losses on the global poultry industry. Its frequent co-infection with other respiratory pathogens, often exacerbates the resultant pathogenic damage. As an important respiratory pathogen, it remains unclear whether\n Cryptosporidium baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n (\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n ) can cause co-infection with\n M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n in commercial large-scale poultry farms and what synergistic pathogenic pattern exists between them.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 1,118 choanal cleft swab samples were collected from commercial chicken farms across eight regions in Guangdong province for the detection of\n M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n . The extracted DNA was analyzed by qPCR for\n M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n and nested PCR for\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n , respectively. Furthermore, a total of 90 one-day-old chicks confirmed free of\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n and\n M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n were randomly divided into six groups to establish a co-infection model and investigate the synergistic pathogenic effect pattern of the two pathogens.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The overall positive rates of\n M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n were 41.32% and 17.80%, respectively, with significant regional, city-level, and age-related variations. Samples from Western Guangdong and chickens over 45\u202fdays old showed the highest infection risks for both pathogens. The co-infection rate was 10.55%, and a significant positive association was observed between the two pathogens (OR\u202f=\u202f2.44,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.001). Co-infection risk increased markedly with age, especially in chickens older than 45\u202fdays. Chicken co-infection model was established to explore synergistic pathogenesis between\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n and\n M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n . Co-infection did not alter the prepatent period of\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n , but significantly increased oocyst shedding peak and prolonged excretion time. Meanwhile,\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n markedly elevated\n M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n loads in the choanal cleft at multiple time points. Gross and histopathological examinations showed that co-infection aggravated laryngotracheal lesions caused by\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n , and exacerbated footpad, joint and air sac lesions induced by\n M. synoviae.<\/jats:italic>\n Overall,\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n and\n M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n exert mutual promoting effects on proliferation and pathogenicity in chickens.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n The findings in the present study confirm the high prevalence of\n M. synoviae<\/jats:italic>\n -\n C. baileyi<\/jats:italic>\n co-infection in commercial poultry flocks and demonstrate that co-infection synergistically enhances the pathogenicity of both pathogens. These results fill an important knowledge gap in co-infection research, provide novel insights into the interaction mechanisms of multiple pathogens in poultry, and offer key scientific support for addressing complex disease challenges in modern poultry production.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1827782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T05:32:33Z","timestamp":1777872753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cryptosporidium baileyi and Mycoplasma synoviae co-infection enhances M. synoviae colonization and aggravates tissue damage in chickens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yiqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention, Key Laboratory for Prevention and 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