{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T06:01:10Z","timestamp":1781157670345,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":184,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Ex situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    conservation and captive breeding are important measures for conserving endangered species. However, the reproduction of some wild animals, especially males, is inhibited in captivity, but the underlying mechanism has not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the microbiota and their functions, metabolites, and their metabolic pathways impacting reproduction employing metagenomics and metabolomics analyses and using male Malayan pangolins with normal (with natural mating behavior) and abnormal (no natural mating behavior) reproduction as the research objects. The results showed that the relative abundance of Proteobacteria,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. was significantly higher in the abnormal reproduction (AR) group. However, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was significantly higher in the normal reproduction (NR) group. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes functional pathway enrichment analysis found that citrate cycle (TCA cycle, KO00020) and pyruvate metabolism (KO00620) were significantly enriched in pangolins with AR, whereas gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion (KO04929) was significantly enriched in pangolins with NR. Metabolites such as tryptophan, arginine, and androgen were significantly enriched in pangolins with AR, whereas L-proline, taurine, choline, and spermidine were significantly enriched in pangolins with NR. Microbiota dysbiosis, energy metabolism disorder, deficiencies in key metabolic pathways and metabolites, and hormonal disturbances are all potential factors contributing to the inability of male Malayan pangolin to express natural reproductive behavior. This study provides evidence for AR of captive pangolins and offers important insights for the conservation of captive endangered species.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1828282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:46:48Z","timestamp":1781156808000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metagenomics and metabolomics analyses of the mechanism of non-expression of natural mating behavior in captive male Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shanghua","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Defu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingyu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Special Non-Wood Forests Cultivation and Utilization, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute","place":["Nanning, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Forestry Laboratory","place":["Nanning, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.473","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of L-carnitine on chronic lead-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats","volume":"7","author":"Abdel-Emam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. 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