{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:12:59Z","timestamp":1792015979258,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder with a complex pathogenesis. Traditional studies have primarily explained its development in terms of reduced intestinal motility or impaired defecatory coordination; however, these mechanisms alone cannot fully account for the multifactorial pathological processes underlying the condition. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward the roles of intestinal microbial dysbiosis and alterations in immune homeostasis in the development of constipation. The gut microbiota continuously interacts with the intestinal immune system through its structural components, metabolic products, and secreted molecules. These interactions modulate the mucosal immune microenvironment and participate in the regulation of intestinal motility by influencing the enteric nervous system, interstitial cells of Cajal, and smooth muscle function. Conversely, the immune system can reshape the composition and spatial distribution of the gut microbiota through mechanisms such as the mucosal barrier, immunoglobulin A, and antimicrobial peptides, thereby forming a bidirectional regulatory network. Accumulating evidence suggests that during the onset and progression of constipation, microbial dysbiosis, shifts in immune homeostasis, and abnormalities in intestinal motility may evolve through a progressively amplifying dynamic process, ultimately establishing a self-sustaining chronic cycle. In addition, microbiota-targeted interventions\u2014including probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation\u2014have demonstrated potential benefits in improving stool frequency and stool consistency in several clinical studies. However, the immunological mechanisms underlying these effects remain relatively underexplored. This review systematically summarizes the molecular mechanisms by which gut microbiota\u2013immune interactions regulate intestinal motility. By integrating current evidence on disease progression and clinical studies, we propose a conceptual model of the \u201cmicrobiota\u2013immune\u2013motility regulatory axis,\u201d aiming to provide a new perspective for understanding the pathogenesis of constipation and for optimizing microbiota-based therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1828926","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:36:17Z","timestamp":1776749777000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Microbiota\u2013immune crosstalk in the regulation of intestinal motility in constipation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zhengchao","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, China"]},{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhetan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongkun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongxun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jirun","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Peking University","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongduo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Affiliated Hospital, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Shenyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-024-01421-4","article-title":"Investigating the role of probiotics in modulating T cells and the immune response: a systematic review","volume":"64","author":"Abbaszadeh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Indian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00890-0","article-title":"Gastrointestinal and brain barriers: unlocking gates of communication across the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"21","author":"Aburto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.13801","article-title":"Microbiome and mucosal immunity in the intestinal tract","volume":"39","author":"Ahrend","year":"2025","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70266","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.70266","article-title":"Impact of gut microbiota and probiotics on rheumatoid arthritis: a potential treatment challenge","volume":"28","author":"Ajith","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2025.101610","article-title":"Mechanisms of activation and serotonin release from human enterochromaffin cells","volume":"19","author":"Alcaino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607388","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1607388","article-title":"Gut microbiota: a promising new target in immune tolerance","volume":"16","author":"Almansour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12112621","article-title":"Effect of comparable carbon chain length short- and branched-chain fatty acids on adipokine secretion from normoxic and hypoxic lipopolysaccharide-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"12","author":"Alzubi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2024.12.007","article-title":"Nucleic acid recognition during prokaryotic immunity","volume":"85","author":"Baca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104437","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i24.104437","article-title":"miR-10a-5p and miR-10b-5p restore colonic motility in aged mice","volume":"31","author":"Baek","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2023.11.012","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide plays a key role in the microbial-neuroimmune control of intestinal motility","volume":"17","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110296","article-title":"Aspirin ameliorates atherosclerotic immuno-inflammation through regulating the Treg\/Th17 axis and CD39-CD73 adenosine signaling via remodeling the gut microbiota in ApoE\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"120","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10732-x","article-title":"Effects of three microbiome-based therapies on loperamide-induced constipation in mice by restoring intestinal motility and modulating the intestinal microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Bai","year":"2026","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70078","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.70078","article-title":"Bile acids as key mediators of the gut microbiota-immune Axis: potential biomarker and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"52","author":"Baldi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020727","article-title":"Mechanism of Iron ion homeostasis in intestinal immunity and gut microbiota Remodeling","volume":"25","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020294","article-title":"Crosstalk between gut microbiota and host immunity: impact on inflammation and immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Campbell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2026.118945","article-title":"Microbiome crosstalk and nutrition: the interplay between gut microbiota-organ axis and dietary factors","volume":"232","author":"\u00c7elik","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphs.2024.02.006","article-title":"LPS priming-induced immune tolerance mitigates LPS-stimulated microglial activation and social avoidance behaviors in mice","volume":"154","author":"Charoensaensuk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063514","article-title":"Multi-omics analysis of gut microbiota and host transcriptomics reveal dysregulated immune response and metabolism in Young adults with irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2025.03.004","article-title":"The role of glycosylated mucins in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and gut health","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3767","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002415","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the interaction between fibroblasts and activated immune cells: an exploratory bioinformatics study of pro-inflammatory mechanisms in slow transit constipation","volume":"111","author":"Chi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594988","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1594988","article-title":"Macrophages in chronic infections: regulation and remodeling","volume":"16","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635244","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1635244","article-title":"Microbiota composition-based donor selection affects FMT efficacy in a murine colitis model","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13020329","article-title":"The interplay of nutrition, the gut microbiota and immunity and its contribution to human disease","volume":"13","author":"Dawson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400780","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202400780","article-title":"Beyond the toll-like receptor 4. Structure-dependent lipopolysaccharide recognition systems: how far are we?","volume":"20","author":"De Chiara","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789","article-title":"Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights","volume":"71","author":"de Vos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200468","article-title":"TLR10 (CD290) is a regulator of immune responses in human plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"213","author":"Deb","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665125100694","article-title":"Dietary management of chronic constipation: a review of evidence-based strategies and clinical guidelines","volume":"84","author":"Dimidi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633486","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1633486","article-title":"Metformin-associated gut microbiota remodeling correlates with reinvigorated splenic immunity in aged mice: microbiome-immune crosstalk via the gut-spleen axis","volume":"16","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-024-05077-y","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates gut homeostasis, mucosal immunity and influences immune-related diseases","volume":"480","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14973","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14973","article-title":"Interstitial cells of Cajal are required for different intestinal motility responses induced by acupuncture","volume":"37","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16568","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c04150","article-title":"Broccoli-derived exosome-like nanoparticles alleviate loperamide-induced constipation, in correlation with regulation on gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolism","volume":"71","author":"Duan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.08.011","article-title":"Microbes and metabolites in immunity","volume":"57","author":"Elinav","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10710","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262110710","article-title":"Small intestine neuromuscular dysfunctions and Neurogliopathy in a mouse model of high-fat diet-induced obesity: involvement of toll-like receptor 4","volume":"26","author":"Faggin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3953","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14223953","article-title":"Probiotics attenuate food allergy via short-chain fatty acids-mediated immune modulation and gut barrier restoration","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.122031","article-title":"Protein-assisted synthesis of chitosan-coated minicells enhance dendritic cell recruitment for therapeutic immunomodulation within pulmonary tumors","volume":"334","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S407521","article-title":"TLR5 Signaling in the regulation of intestinal mucosal immunity","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i15.2096","article-title":"Probiotics: shaping the gut immunological responses","volume":"30","author":"Filidou","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.05.009","article-title":"Bacterial peptidoglycan serves as a critical modulator of the gut-immune-brain axis in Drosophila","volume":"119","author":"Fioriti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3774","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14213774","article-title":"Prebiotic structural diversity shapes gut microbial diversity, community composition, and metabolic activity in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01187-5","article-title":"Interaction of low-density neutrophils with other immune cells in the mechanism of inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Fu","year":"","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15111609","article-title":"Lactobacilli-derived microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) in host immune modulation","volume":"15","author":"Furnari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635487","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1635487","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of a galactoglucan from Pleurotus citrinopileatus in constipation: modulation of aquaporin signaling and intestinal barrier","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-026-05110-0","article-title":"Magnetoelectric biofeedback for precision-targeted rectocele management: a randomized controlled trial of phenotype-driven pelvic floor neuromodulation","volume":"41","author":"Geng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cultured Vagal Afferent Neurons as Sensors for Intestinal Effector Molecules\n          \n          601\n          \n            \n              Girardi\n              G.\n            \n            \n              Zumpano\n              D.\n            \n            \n              Goshi\n              N.\n            \n            \n              Raybould\n              H.\n            \n            \n              Seker\n              E.\n            \n          \n          10.3390\/bios13060601\n          Biosensors (Basel).\n          13\n          2023","DOI":"10.3390\/bios13060601"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2023.127576","article-title":"Phage transcriptional regulator X (PtrX)-mediated augmentation of toxin production and virulence in Clostridioides difficile strain R20291","volume":"280","author":"Gong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022724-105016","article-title":"The physiology of enteric glia","volume":"87","author":"Gonzales","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102690","article-title":"News from the old: aging features in the intracardiac, musculoskeletal, and enteric nervous systems","volume":"105","author":"Haider","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.01.014","article-title":"Enteric glutamatergic interneurons regulate intestinal motility","volume":"113","author":"Hamnett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70140","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.70140","article-title":"Bottom-up Design of Prebiotics and Probiotics: An intestinal microbiota-Centered approach to chronic and functional constipation management","volume":"69","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729480","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1729480","article-title":"Retrospective insights into probiotic and prebiotic interventions: associations with gut microbiota profiles and nutritional outcomes","volume":"13","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000001065","article-title":"Neuro-immune cell interactions in the regulation of intestinal immune homeostasis","volume":"41","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2413197","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202413197","article-title":"Advances in Fecal microbiota transplantation for gut dysbiosis-related diseases","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correlation of the intestinal flora and its metabolites with the colonic transport function in functional constipation\n          \n          1591697\n          \n            \n              Hu\n              L.\n            \n            \n              Liu\n              Q.\n            \n            \n              Ke\n              X.\n            \n            \n              Zhao\n              P.\n            \n            \n              Fang\n              W.\n            \n            \n              Ren\n              Y.\n            \n          \n          10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1591697\n          Front Microbiol.\n          16\n          2025","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1591697"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651063","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1651063","article-title":"Th17\/Treg imbalance in inflammatory bowel disease: immunological mechanisms and microbiota-driven regulation","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2025.156118","article-title":"Unraveling functional dyspepsia: pathophysiological mechanisms, microbiota interactions, and emerging therapeutic strategies","volume":"272","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11092177","article-title":"Revisiting the intestinal microbiome and its role in Diarrhea and constipation","volume":"11","author":"Iancu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1159\/000540912","article-title":"Evidence-based clinical guidelines for chronic constipation 2023","volume":"106","author":"Ihara","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228283","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1228283","article-title":"Know your neighbors: microbial recognition at the intestinal barrier and its implications for gut homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Iyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2426547122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2426547122","article-title":"A critical role for Vibrio parahaemolyticus LPS to mediate evasion of host immune response during infection","volume":"122","author":"Jaishankar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03605","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.03605-20","article-title":"A novel small RNA promotes motility and virulence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in response to ammonium","volume":"12","author":"Jia","year":"2021","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5666","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.117394","article-title":"Immunotherapy resistance in MASLD-related hepatocellular carcinoma: special immune microenvironment and gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2308092","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308092","article-title":"H2S-releasing versatile montmorillonite nanoformulation trilogically renovates the gut microenvironment for inflammatory bowel disease modulation","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290191","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1290191","article-title":"Role of histamine-mediated macrophage differentiation in clearance of metastatic bacterial infection","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.29031","article-title":"Development of the gut microbial immune and epithelial cellular system (GutMICS) to investigate the immunological role of gut anaerobes","volume":"122","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002887","article-title":"Opioids and the gastrointestinal tract: the role of peripherally active \u03bc-opioid receptor antagonists in modulating intestinal permeability","volume":"119","author":"Lacy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2508040","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2508.08040","article-title":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii (HO12) improves loperamide-induced constipation in rats via modulation of intestinal neurotransmitters and SCFA production","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.178072","article-title":"Adenosine A2A receptor agonist polydeoxyribonucleotide ameliorates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis via modulating PI3K\/Akt\/VEGF signaling pathway","volume":"1005","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G330","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00350.2025","article-title":"Role of interstitial cells of Cajal in regulating tone and responses to enteric motor neurons in the murine pyloric sphincter","volume":"330","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2023.0141","article-title":"Drosophila gut immune pathway suppresses host development-promoting effects of acetic acid Bacteria","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031858","article-title":"Mucin expression profiles in ulcerative colitis: new insights on the histological mucosal healing","volume":"25","author":"Leoncini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01396-6","article-title":"Microbial metabolite indole-3-propionic acid drives mitochondrial respiration in CD4+\u202fT cells to confer protection against intestinal inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10772","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2228409","article-title":"Gut microbiota: candidates for a novel strategy for ameliorating sleep disorders","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03537-1","article-title":"Threonine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal inflammatory responses in rabbits","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678482","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1678482","article-title":"Gut jet lag: how circadian rhythm disruption undermines the chrono-microbiota-motility axis and induces functional constipation","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2321419121","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2321419121","article-title":"A mouse model to distinguish NLRP6-mediated inflammasome-dependent and -independent functions","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543702","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1543702","article-title":"\"Remodeling the intestinal immune microenvironment\": immune regulation and tissue regeneration by mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells in the repair microenvironment of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719092","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1719092","article-title":"Pleiotropic immunoregulation by bile acids in pathophysiology","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13465","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S540163","article-title":"The role of butyric acid and microorganisms in chronic inflammatory diseases and microbiome-based therapeutics","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394332","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1394332","article-title":"Uncovering the mechanism of Clostridium butyricum CBX 2021 to improve pig health based on in vivo and in vitro studies","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186892","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1186892","article-title":"Regulation of short-chain fatty acids in the immune system","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70553","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70553","article-title":"Progresses in questing for the truth of opioid-related constipation in Cancer patients","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217115","article-title":"Regulation of gut microbiota on immune cell ferroptosis: a novel insight for immunotherapy against tumor","volume":"598","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689597","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1689597","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of the gut microbiota-short chain fatty acids signaling axis in slow transit constipation and progress in multi-target interventions","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109503","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v17.i10.109503","article-title":"Bidirectional regulation of the gut microbiome-immune axis in the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer and targeted interventions","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm22009","article-title":"The stressed gut: region-specific immune and neuroplasticity changes in response to chronic psychosocial stress","volume":"29","author":"Lobo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10551-0","article-title":"The role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CGMCC9513 in alleviating colitis by synergistic enhancement of the intestinal barrier through modulating gut microbiota and activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2025.101707","article-title":"TLR4 interaction with PIEZO1 facilitates the 5-HT-mediated intestinal motility dysfunction in offspring mice induced by LPS exposure during pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577799","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1577799","article-title":"Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus glory LG12 preventives loperamide-induced constipation in mice by modulating intestinal flora and metabolic pathways","volume":"16","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04215-2","article-title":"Effect of the gut microbiota and their metabolites on postoperative intestinal motility and its underlying mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2025.2582569","article-title":"Probiotic-intestinal epithelium crosstalk: mechanisms of adhesion, signalling, and immunomodulation","volume":"76","author":"Maldonado-Galdeano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13536","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13536","article-title":"Potential roles of enteric glial cells in Crohn's disease: a critical review","volume":"57","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-5985.26.04136-7","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in murine models of colitis and short bowel syndrome: lessons learned, limitations, and translational perspectives","volume":"72","author":"Masi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Minerva Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-025-04597-z","article-title":"Bacterial outer membrane vesicles: a novel target in mediating bacterial infection and host immune responses","volume":"41","author":"Miao","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202350942","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202350942","article-title":"PLC and PAD2 regulate extracellular calcium-triggered release of macrophage extracellular DNA traps","volume":"55","author":"Mishra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-024-00635-7","article-title":"The influence of Akkermansia muciniphila on intestinal barrier function","volume":"16","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116434","article-title":"Identification of human gut bacteria that produce bioactive serotonin and promote colonic innervation","volume":"44","author":"Moretti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i14.1963","article-title":"Bowel function and inflammation: is motility the other side of the coin?","volume":"30","author":"Panarese","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142742","article-title":"Truncated flagellin lacking the hypervariable region: a structural basis for improved immune responses and adjuvanticity","volume":"308","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1139152","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1139152","article-title":"Slowed gastrointestinal transit is associated with an altered caecal microbiota in an aged rat model","volume":"13","author":"Parkar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14010078","article-title":"Synergistic effect of retinoic acid and lactoferrin in the maintenance of gut homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Pe\u00f1a-Ju\u00e1rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0039324","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00393-24","article-title":"Maternal consumption of yoghurt activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor increases group 3 innate lymphoid cells in murine offspring","volume":"12","author":"Pimentel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0012025","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00120-25","article-title":"Donor-derived microbial engraftment and gut microbiota shifts associated with weight loss following fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"91","author":"Ruan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G811","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00204.2024","article-title":"Ion transport and epithelial barrier dysfunction in experimental models of ulcerative colitis","volume":"328","author":"Sandle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051310","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1051310","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial cell-derived components regulate transcriptome of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG","volume":"13","author":"Schalich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13060477","article-title":"Border control: the role of the microbiome in regulating epithelial barrier function","volume":"13","author":"Schreiber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2025.101634","article-title":"Hyperactive enteric glia contribute to persistent dysmotility following inflammation by driving aberrant excitatory responses in neurons","volume":"20","author":"Seguella","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The gut ecosystem and immune tolerance\n          \n          103114\n          \n            \n              Shao\n              T.\n            \n            \n              Hsu\n              R.\n            \n            \n              Rafizadeh\n              D. L.\n            \n            \n              Wang\n              L.\n            \n            \n              Bowlus\n              C. L.\n            \n            \n              Kumar\n              N.\n            \n          \n          10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103114\n          J Autoimmun.\n          141\n          2023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2023.103114"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2512035","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2512035","article-title":"Balancing harm and harmony: evolutionary dynamics between gut microbiota-derived flagellin and TLR5-mediated host immunity and metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Seo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224092","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1224092","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of inulin and its intestinal metabolites","volume":"14","author":"Sheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.07.003","article-title":"A mucin-regulated adhesin determines the spatial organization and inflammatory character of a bacterial symbiont in the vertebrate gut","volume":"31","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-025-01164-y","article-title":"Association between the dietary index for gut microbiota and constipation in American adults","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.06.027","article-title":"Bacterial peptidoglycan signalling in microglia: activation by MDP via the NF-\u03baB\/MAPK pathway","volume":"121","author":"Spielbauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264889","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1264889","article-title":"Shedding light on the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in endothelial cells under physiological and inflamed conditions","volume":"14","author":"Stierschneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6441","DOI":"10.3390\/app15126441","article-title":"Gut\u2013brain\u2013microbiota axis in irritable bowel syndrome: a narrative review of pathophysiology and current approaches","volume":"15","author":"Stoyanova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177504","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1177504","article-title":"Intestinal fungi and antifungal secretory immunoglobulin a in Crohn's disease","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15051146","article-title":"Bifidobacterium bifidum CCFM1163 alleviated cathartic Colon by regulating the intestinal barrier and restoring enteric nerves","volume":"15","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2025.109959","article-title":"Interaction between nutritional factors and the enteric nervous system in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"144","author":"Tarasiuk-Zawadzka","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2025.07.014","article-title":"The sympathetic nervous system enhances host immune responses to enteric bacterial pathogens in mice","volume":"129","author":"Tay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5723","DOI":"10.1113\/JP289410","article-title":"Enteric glial S100B controls rhythmic colonic functions by regulating excitability and specificity in gut motor neurocircuits","volume":"603","author":"Thomasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113193","article-title":"ChanLingGao alleviates intestinal mucosal barrier damage and suppresses the onset and progression of colorectal cancer in AOM\/DSS murine model","volume":"143","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05865-9","article-title":"Neutrophilic granule protein promotes lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS\/NO expression via JAK2\/STAT1 signaling pathway and augments bacteria clearance of macrophages","volume":"82","author":"Tian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18859","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18859","article-title":"Serum salusin levels in diarrhea- and constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Tuncel","year":"2025","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2025.162163","article-title":"Development and validation of a minimally invasive transuterine experimental model of gastroschisis","volume":"60","author":"Varela","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185031","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2185031","article-title":"Bacterial flagellin is a dominant, stable innate immune activator in the gastrointestinal contents of mice and rats","volume":"15","author":"Vijay-Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2025.110136","article-title":"N - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids mediate hyodeoxycholic acid-FXR signaling to ameliorate metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"147","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117905","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1117905","article-title":"Enteric nervous system damage caused by abnormal intestinal butyrate metabolism may lead to functional constipation","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673852","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1673852","article-title":"Interaction between gut microbiota and immunity in health and intestinal disease","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13867","DOI":"10.1039\/d5tb01708d","article-title":"Bacterial outer membrane vesicles in immune modulation: from mechanisms to applications","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12224176","article-title":"Lactobacillus paracasei relieves constipation by acting on the acetic Acid-5-HT-intestinal motility pathway","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2413692122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2413692122","article-title":"Immune cell profiling reveals diverse niches of immune residents of the enteric nervous system and potential neuroimmune interactions","volume":"122","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3519","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17223519","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the enteric nervous system: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic applications","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"qiaf165","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiaf165","article-title":"Human M-MDSCs impair neutrophil migration in the infectious microenvironment","volume":"117","author":"Weppner","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.147550","article-title":"Intestinal mucosa-mimetic double-layer gelatin hydrogel for recapitulation of 3D immune microenvironment","volume":"327","author":"Woo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120479","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into the effects of Norisoboldine on intestinal immunity and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of slow transit constipation with depression","volume":"354","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114001","article-title":"Integrative analysis of the gut microbiota, bile acid pathways, and immune dysregulation in dyslipidemia models","volume":"28","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3302","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-024-10291-7","article-title":"Commensal Bacillus pumilus SE5-derived peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid showed synergistic effects in improving growth, immunity, and intestinal health of grouper (Epinephelus coioides)","volume":"17","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1093\/postmj\/qgae112","article-title":"Chronic constipation and gut microbiota: current research insights and therapeutic implications","volume":"100","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71428","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202504201R","article-title":"Butyrate alleviates diabetic periodontitis by suppressing macrophage M1 polarization and PANoptosis-like cell death","volume":"40","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707471","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1707471","article-title":"A multi-epitope vaccine incorporating adhesin-derived antigens protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and dissemination","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499202","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1499202","article-title":"Advances in intestinal epithelium and gut microbiota interaction","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106084","article-title":"A. macrocephala polysaccharide induces alterations to gut microbiome and serum metabolome in constipated mice","volume":"178","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639359","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1639359","article-title":"Gut microbiota-driven dysbiosis of the SCFA-immune axis in pediatric allergic rhinitis-constipation comorbidity: mechanisms and synbiotic remodeling","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.119124","article-title":"Mechanisms of disruption of the gut-brain axis by environmental endocrine disruptors","volume":"304","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07149-z","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: a microbial guardian against oxidative stress-gut microbiota crosstalk and clinical prospects","volume":"23","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01088-9","article-title":"Unconventional immune cells in the gut mucosal barrier: regulation by symbiotic microbiota","volume":"55","author":"Yoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549749","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1549749","article-title":"LPS-induced extracellular AREG triggers macrophage pyroptosis through the EGFR\/TLR4 signaling pathway","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13132157","article-title":"The role of nondigestible oligosaccharides in alleviating human chronic diseases by regulating the gut microbiota: a review","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03901-4","article-title":"Anti-PD1-\/PDL1-induced chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction: three cases treated with vedolizumab after corticosteroid failure with mixed results","volume":"74","author":"Zenatri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196217","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1196217","article-title":"Potential role of gut microbiota in prostate cancer: immunity, metabolites, pathways of action?","volume":"13","author":"Zha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkad056","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkad056","article-title":"The impact of gut microbiota changes on the intestinal mucus barrier in burned mice: a study using 16S rRNA and metagenomic sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Zha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1163\/18762891-bja00039","article-title":"Effects of complex probiotics on intestinal function and its regulatory mechanism in patients with constipation","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14132293","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus LRa05 alleviates constipation via triaxial modulation of gut motility, microbiota dynamics, and SCFA metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2025.115256","article-title":"Intestinal alterations of mucosal barrier integrity, motility and enteric nerve in cynomolgus monkey model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"389","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27747","DOI":"10.31083\/FBL27747","article-title":"Gut barrier, microbial metabolites, and immune homeostasis in autoimmune hepatitis: from molecular mechanisms to strategies","volume":"30","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-024-03119-9","article-title":"The P2Y1 receptor in the colonic myenteric plexus of rats and its correlation with opioid-induced constipation","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-025-00817-4","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum-derived extracellular vesicles carrying virulence factor DNA trigger AIM2 inflammasome activation to facilitate UC progression","volume":"30","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196625","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1196625","article-title":"Effect of a probiotic formula on gastrointestinal health, immune responses and metabolic health in adults with functional constipation or functional diarrhea","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15040269","article-title":"Metabolomics insights into gut microbiota and functional constipation","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121695","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1121695","article-title":"Mechanisms of gut microbiota-immune-host interaction on glucose regulation in type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02043-4","article-title":"Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106667","article-title":"The gut microbiota-constipation connection: insights from a two sample bidirectional mendelian randomization study","volume":"192","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30010071","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms linking omega-3 fatty acids and the gut-brain axis","volume":"30","author":"Zinkow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129420","article-title":"Dietary inulin alleviated constipation induced depression and anxiety-like behaviors: involvement of gut microbiota and microbial metabolite short-chain fatty acid","volume":"259","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1828926\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T05:36:22Z","timestamp":1776749782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1828926\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"references-count":164,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1828926"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1828926","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]]},"article-number":"1828926"}}