{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T06:10:59Z","timestamp":1783923059121,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Brassica rapa<\/jats:italic>\n                      L. (Br) water extract against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced acute ulcerative colitis (UC)-like injury in mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A DSS-induced acute UC-like colitis mouse model was established to assess the effects of Br administration. Disease severity was evaluated based on body weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) scores, colon length, colon weight, intestinal barrier integrity, and histopathological changes using H&amp;amp;E staining. Inflammatory mediators, TLR4\/TLR9 expression, tight junction (TJ) proteins, gut microbiota composition by 16S rRNA sequencing, and intestinal metabolic profiles by UPLC-MS\/MS-based non-targeted metabolomics were also analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Br administration significantly ameliorated disease severity, as evidenced by mitigated body weight loss, reduced disease activity index (DAI) scores, attenuated colon shortening, normalized colon weight, and improved intestinal barrier integrity. Histopathological analysis (H&amp;amp;E) demonstrated that Br alleviated colonic tissue damage and inflammatory cell infiltration. The treatment also decreased the levels of proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, MPO, CXCL-1, and TNF-\u03b1) and downregulated the colonic expression of TLR4 and TLR9, while upregulating the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins Occludin (OCC) and ZO-1. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that Br restored gut microbial diversity and composition, specifically enriching potentially beneficial genera such as\n                      <jats:italic>Alloprevotella, Lachnospiraceae_unclassified<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Alistipes<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while suppressing the expansion of genera such as\n                      <jats:italic>HT002<\/jats:italic>\n                      . UPLC-MS\/MS-based non-targeted metabolomic analysis suggested that Br was associated with the modulation of intestinal metabolic profiles, including changes in several putatively annotated metabolite features such as 12-Hydroxy-12-octadecanoylcarnitine and Vanillin.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Br water extract alleviates DSS-induced acute UC-like colitis injury in mice, possibly by attenuating inflammatory responses, downregulating abnormal TLR4\/TLR9 expression, improving intestinal mucosal barrier function, and modulating gut microbiota composition and associated metabolic profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1829670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T05:34:56Z","timestamp":1783920896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective effects of Brassica rapa L. water extract against DSS-induced acute UC-like colitis in mice and its regulatory mechanisms involving gut microbiota and the intestinal mucosal barrier"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Medical Devices, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuyingzi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Medical Devices, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuwen","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Medical Devices, Xinjiang Medical University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2024.10.001","article-title":"Gut microbiota features in relation to fecal microbiota transplantation outcome in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"B\u00e9nard","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9096","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169096","article-title":"Bile acid signaling in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"22","author":"Bromke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0261-4","article-title":"Epithelial toll-like receptors and their role in gut homeostasis and disease","volume":"17","author":"Burgue\u00f1o","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.02.004","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived bile acids in intestinal immunity, inflammation, and tumorigenesis","volume":"30","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1525s104","article-title":"Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice","author":"Chassaing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Immunol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7398","DOI":"10.1021\/jf3009553","article-title":"Arvelexin inhibits colonic inflammation by suppression of NF-\u03baB activation in dextran sulfate sodium-induced mice and TNF-\u03b1-induced colonic epithelial cells","volume":"60","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2014.04.004","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"161","author":"Corridoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03343-3","article-title":"The interaction of bile acids and gut inflammation influences the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Di Ciaula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6016","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i33.6016","article-title":"Dextran sodium sulfate colitis murine model: An indispensable tool for advancing our understanding of inflammatory bowel diseases pathogenesis","volume":"23","author":"Eichele","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.175","article-title":"Wekemo bioincloud: a user-friendly platform for meta-omics data analyses","volume":"3","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0306-4","article-title":"Gut microbiome structure and metabolic activity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"Haiser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4722","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v27.i28.4722","article-title":"Relationship between clinical features and intestinal microbiota in Chinese patients with ulcerative colitis","volume":"27","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947313","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.947313","article-title":"Correlation between altered gut microbiota and elevated inflammation markers in patients with crohn's disease","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.03.038","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolome in inflammatory bowel disease: From association to therapeutic perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01607","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01607-24","article-title":"Gut commensal alistipes shahii improves experimental colitis in mice with reduced intestinal epithelial damage and cytokine secretion","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"msystems"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01036","article-title":"Kuijieyuan decoction improved intestinal barrier injury of ulcerative colitis by affecting TLR4-dependent PI3K\/AKT\/NF-\u03baB oxidative and inflammatory signaling and gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03821D","article-title":"Effect of polysaccharides from tibetan turnip (brassica rapa L.) on the gut microbiome after in vitro fermentation and in vivo metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-024-00365-9","article-title":"Brassica rapa L. polysaccharide mitigates hypobaric hypoxia-induced oxidation and intestinal damage via microbiome modulation","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1237-9","article-title":"Multi-omics of the gut microbial ecosystem in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"569","author":"Lloyd-Price","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157153","article-title":"Lianweng formula restores intestinal barrier function in ulcerative colitis through the \u03b2-arrestin 1\/NF-\u03baB signaling axis","volume":"146","author":"Lv","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0454-4","article-title":"The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"37","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22212-1","article-title":"Symbiotic polyamine metabolism regulates epithelial proliferation and macrophage differentiation in the colon","volume":"12","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0248-1","article-title":"Host\u2013microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Neurath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.88","article-title":"Gut microbiota and IBD: Causation or correlation?","volume":"14","author":"Ni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev, Gastroenterol. Hepatol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11975","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO04667F","article-title":"Brassica rapa L. crude polysaccharide meditated synbiotic fermented whey beverage ameliorates hypobaric hypoxia induced intestinal damage","volume":"15","author":"Niu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-mediated gut epithelial and immune regulation and its relevance for inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"10","author":"Parada Venegas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14417","article-title":"Phytochemical and health-beneficial progress of turnip (brassica rapa)","volume":"84","author":"Paul","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.90217.2008","article-title":"Spermidine\/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase: a key metabolic regulator","author":"Pegg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.09.013","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"94","author":"Ramos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.02.087","article-title":"Inflorescences of brassicacea species as source of bioactive compounds: a comparative study","volume":"110","author":"Sousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1671822","article-title":"Microbiota and mucosal defense in IBD: an update","volume":"13","author":"Stange","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0294236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294236","article-title":"SRplot: a free online platform for data visualization and graphing","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2653","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Turner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16043","article-title":"Microbiome and metabolome in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"38","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2017.1343143","article-title":"The intestinal barrier: A fundamental role in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Vancamelbeke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.109.152835","article-title":"Vanillin improves and prevents trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis in mice","volume":"330","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110166","article-title":"Spermidine protects intestinal mucosal barrier function in mice colitis via the AhR\/Nrf2 and AhR\/STAT3 signaling pathways","volume":"119","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izad312","article-title":"Unveiling colitis: A journey through the dextran sodium sulfate-induced model","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0308-z","article-title":"Microbial network disturbances in relapsing refractory crohn's disease","volume":"25","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003345","article-title":"Growing burden of inflammatory bowel disease in China: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021 and predictions to 2035","volume":"137","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892790","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.892790","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine and natural products: Potential approaches for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-022-00633-4","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: An overview of Chinese herbal medicine formula-based treatment","volume":"17","author":"Yuan","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13103315","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103315","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis damages the intestinal barrier, increasing food allergy in adult mice","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1829670\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T05:34:56Z","timestamp":1783920896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1829670\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1829670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1829670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"article-number":"1829670"}}