{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:48:38Z","timestamp":1782366518525,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Metabolic diseases\u2014including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)\u2014affect over 1 billion individuals globally and are characterized by insulin resistance, chronic inflammation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Herbal medicines offer multi-component therapeutic potential through microbiota modulation, but mechanistic insights remain fragmented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review synthesizes recent advances in herbal medicine-mediated gut microbiota regulation in metabolic diseases and delineates underlying molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed and Web of Science. Search strategies employed MeSH terms and free-text keywords encompassing herbal medicines, gut microbiota, and metabolic diseases. Two authors performed study selection and data extraction. Evidence synthesis was structured according to intervention type and metabolic disease category.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Herbal polysaccharides and other compounds consistently increased beneficial bacteria and promoted short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, improving intestinal barrier integrity via ZO-1\/Occludin upregulation and attenuating TLR4\/NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammation. Herbal formulations exerted synergistic effects by remodeling microbial community structure, correcting SCFA\/bile acid imbalances, and activating IRS1\/PI3K\/AKT insulin signaling. Notably,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic>\n                      emerged as recurrent beneficial targets across multiple herbal interventions. However, evidence is predominantly preclinical, and translational validity to humans requires further validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Herbal medicines ameliorate metabolic diseases through multi-target gut microbiota modulation, involving SCFA production, bile acid metabolism, and inflammatory pathway attenuation. These mechanistic insights support the development of microbiota-targeted herbal therapeutics, though clinical translation necessitates standardized formulations and rigorous human trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1833443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:30:01Z","timestamp":1782365401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Herbal medicines modulate gut microbiota in metabolic diseases: a review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Lan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuankui","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional, Chinese Medicine of Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chengdu Integrated TCM and Western Medicine Hospital","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-025-01777-x","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of the gut microbiome: diagnostic and therapeutic potential for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"25","author":"Abebaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. 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