{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T12:11:27Z","timestamp":1778501487697,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n Lawsonia intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n is an obligately intracellular enteric bacterium that infects intestinal epithelial cells and causes porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE). This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological prevalence of\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n in large-scale pig farms in Shaanxi Province, China, and analyze the differences in fecal microbial communities of growing pigs with natural\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n infection.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 672 fecal samples and 300 serum samples were collected from five intensive pig farms in Shaanxi during 2022\u20132023. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to detect\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n in feces and quantify its fecal load, while enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to detect the seroprevalence of anti-\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n antibodies in serum. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on fecal samples from\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n -positive and -negative growing pigs.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The results showed an overall fecal positive rate of 15.3% (95% CI: 12.7\u201318.3%) and a serum seroprevalence of 14.7% (95% CI: 11.0\u201319.3%) for\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n in the surveyed farms, with growing pigs exhibiting the significantly highest positive rate and fecal pathogen load (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.05). Tongchuan exhibited a significantly lower fecal positive rate than the other surveyed regions (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f&lt;\u202f0.05). Fecal microbial diversity analysis revealed that\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n -positive fecal samples exhibited significantly higher bacterial species richness. LEfSe analysis indicated a significant enrichment of\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n in\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n -positive feces relative to negative samples. Network analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between\n Desulfovibrionaceae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n , and random forest analysis identified\n Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG.003<\/jats:italic>\n as the critical microbial biomarker for\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n infection.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n This study elucidates the epidemiological characteristics of\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n in Shaanxi and its interaction with the porcine gut microbiome, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the precise prevention and control of PPE, as well as for further investigations into the interactions between the gut microbiota and\n L. intracellularis<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1834533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T11:46:01Z","timestamp":1778499961000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis and characteristics of gut microbiomes of the infected pigs in Shaanxi province, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Ruminant Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Ruminant Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuetong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Ruminant Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingkai","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Ruminant Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duowei Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd.","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongyang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Ruminant Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinglong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Ruminant Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Ruminant Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Ruminant Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University","place":["Xianyang, China"]},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Major Ruminant Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs","place":["Xianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0442.2006.00803.x","article-title":"First experience on the effect of in-feed lincomycin for the control of proliferative enteropathy in growing pigs","volume":"53","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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