{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T07:01:40Z","timestamp":1780038100983,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n is a major foodborne pathogen frequently transmitted via retail meat. This study comprehensively characterized the genomic features of non-typhoidal\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n from retail red meat in Hunan, China, including antimicrobial resistance, virulence determinants, and transmission patterns.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We characterized 147\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n isolates from retail red meat (pork, beef, and mutton) collected in Hunan, China (2021 and 2023) using whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to investigate their resistance and genomic characteristics.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n High resistance rates were observed: 115 isolates (78.2%) were resistant to at least one agent, and 92 (62.6%) were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The predominant serotypes were\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n London (25.2%) and\n S<\/jats:italic>\n . Typhimurium (24.5%). Critically, the 16S rRNA methyltransferase gene\n rmtB<\/jats:italic>\n was identified in three isolates (2.0%)\u2014the only amikacin-resistant isolates. The extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) gene\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX-M-55<\/jats:sub>\n was detected in six isolates (4.1%), and plasmid-mediated AmpC genes (\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CMY-2<\/jats:sub>\n \/\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n DHA-1<\/jats:sub>\n ) in three (2.0%). Of major concern, the complete typhoid toxin gene cluster (\n cdtB, pltA, pltB<\/jats:italic>\n ) was identified in 14 non-typhoidal\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n (NTS) isolates (9.5%) across diverse serotypes. Core-genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) revealed 22 genomic clusters, demonstrating multi-level transmission from regional sources to local outbreaks.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings highlight the emergence of multidrug-resistant\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n clones carrying clinically significant resistance and virulence determinants in retail red meat, underscoring the need for enhanced food chain surveillance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1840000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T06:02:58Z","timestamp":1780034578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic characterization of antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and transmission of non-typhoidal Salmonella from retail red meat in Hunan, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hunan Academy of Preventive Medicine)","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hunan Academy of Preventive Medicine)","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wansi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hunan Academy of Preventive Medicine)","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianbing","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hunan Academy of Preventive Medicine)","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hunan Academy of Preventive Medicine)","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hunan Academy of Preventive Medicine)","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifei","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hunan Academy of Preventive Medicine)","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hunan Academy of Preventive Medicine)","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920","article-title":"CARD 2023: expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"51","author":"Alcock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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