{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T09:11:05Z","timestamp":1784279465951,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Swine wastewater can accelerate the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among animals, the environment, and humans. Therefore, the molecular epidemiological characteristics of carbapenemase-producing\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates from swine wastewater was investigated.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was used to determine metallo-enzyme activity. Conjugation experiments were used to determine transmissibility of the novel carbapenemase-encoding gene. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) with short reads and ERIC-PCR genotyping were performed to characterize the genomic features of the isolates. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was used to determine strain relatedness.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 100 non-duplicate carbapenemase-producing (\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM-1<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM-5<\/jats:sub>\n , and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-48<\/jats:sub>\n -like)\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates were recovered from 316 swine wastewater samples. Of which, two isolates that co-harbored\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-48<\/jats:sub>\n -like and\n mcr-1<\/jats:italic>\n , as well as five isolates that co-harbored\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM-5<\/jats:sub>\n and\n tet(X4)<\/jats:italic>\n . All isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with a majority exhibiting resistance to meropenem, ciprofloxacin, imipenem and gentamicin. In addition, WGS analysis further revealed that\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM<\/jats:sub>\n co-existed with other antibiotic resistance genes, conferring resistance to twelve classes of antimicrobials. These isolates were assigned to 12 distinct sequence types (STs), among which ST10 and ST5299 were the most prevalent. Additionally, Phylogenomic analysis revealed that clonal spread of\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM<\/jats:sub>\n -positive ST10\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates at swine wastewater in multiple cities, including Binzhou, Dezhou, Heze and Weihai. Meanwhile, a notable divergence in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was observed in isolates from this study and public database, which indicates that these\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM<\/jats:sub>\n -positive\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates have high genetic diversity.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n This study underscores the importance of surveillance for\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n NDM<\/jats:sub>\n -positive microbes in swine wastewater, and continuous monitoring in swine wastewater is essential for ensure human and environmental health.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1842719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:37:29Z","timestamp":1781069849000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Swine wastewater drives dissemination of high-risk blaNDM-positive Escherichia coli clones"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Food Engineering, Liaocheng University","place":["Liaocheng, Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuancheng","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Smart Agriculture, Yulin Normal University","place":["Yulin, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Facility Agriculture","place":["Yulin, China"]},{"name":"Guangxi Colleges and Universities Engineering Research Center of Facility Agriculture","place":["Yulin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03292-7","article-title":"Molecular characterization of blaNDM, blaOXA-48, mcr-1 and blaTEM-52 positive and concurrently carbapenem and colistin resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in chicken in Malaysia","volume":"18","author":"Aklilu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet. 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