{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T23:01:52Z","timestamp":1784674912273,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Celiac disease (CeD) is a chronic autoimmune enteropathy developed by genetically predisposed individuals when exposed to gluten. Gluten gliadins, along with gut microbiota, may influence CeD onset and progression through mechanisms that remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gliadin-degrading bacterial isolates obtained from CeD patients, and their 1st-degree relatives\u2019 stool and blood were identified (\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus tropicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Micrococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Cronobacter sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Serratia marcescens<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and used in an INFOGEST-like protocol to simulate gliadin digestion after 4 h (digested gliadin, d-gliadin). The d-gliadin digesta were analyzed by fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluorescence spectroscopy, and polyclonal and monoclonal (R5 and G12) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the absence of the bacterial isolates, gliadin is poorly digested and self-assembles within 1 day into intermediate and large protein oligomers\/aggregates, enriched in \u03b2-sheet structure (FTIR amide I band between 1,600 and 1,700 cm\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and able to bind thioflavin T and Congo red. Conversely, in the presence of the bacterial isolates, gliadin is further digested, leading to an increase in protein fragments. After 4 h, the\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>C. sakazakii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>B. tropicus<\/jats:italic>\n                      d-gliadin digesta presented a mixture of d-gliadin peptides and aggregates that showed higher antigenicity (associated with the exposure of the 5-amino acid QQPFP and 6-amino acid QPQLPY epitopes, present in the 25-mer and 33-mer, respectively) than control digestions (without bacteria), while\n                      <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      led to lower antigenicity. In turn, within 24 h of incubation, all bacterial isolates led to the formation of undigested material with lower antigenicity, either due to fewer 33-mers and 25-mers in solution, or to fragment aggregation into amorphous material, not exposing antigenic sequences. Hence, intestinal flora may enhance or diminish the antigenicity of gliadin, thereby modulating the immunogenic response to gliadin\/gluten.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1842801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T16:52:44Z","timestamp":1783356764000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Influence of commensal bacteria on the proteolytic and antigenic profiles of INFOGEST-like digested wheat gliadin"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Fl\u00e1vio","family":"Pereira-Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CiTechCare, Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa S.","family":"Domingues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CiTechCare, Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CiTechCare, Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]},{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa","place":["Caparica, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaida L.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), University of Coimbra","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro F.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), University of Coimbra","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Cordeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDRsp, Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria","place":["Marinha Grande, Portugal"]},{"name":"Veterinary Clinics Department, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDRsp, Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria","place":["Marinha Grande, Portugal"]},{"name":"Veterinary Clinics Department, Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto","place":["Porto, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CDRsp, Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development, Polytechnic of Leiria","place":["Marinha Grande, Portugal"]},{"name":"Polytechnic University of Coimbra","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]},{"name":"Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic University of Coimbra","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana B.","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory and iCBR-CIMAGO, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia G.","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CiTechCare, Centre for Innovative Care and Health Technology, School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela C.","family":"Vaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Coimbra Chemistry Centre (CQC), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), University of Coimbra","place":["Coimbra, Portugal"]},{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM, Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering and Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria","place":["Leiria, Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2009.03.020","article-title":"Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas species as probiotics for promoting the growth performance and health of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus","volume":"27","author":"Abd El-Rhman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.13489","article-title":"Pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens strains as biological control agent: implications for sustainable pest management","volume":"33","author":"Akhtar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25051195","article-title":"Structure and aggregation mechanisms in 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