{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:56:42Z","timestamp":1790611002392,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cigar tobacco leaves (CTLs) are nutrient-rich and susceptible to mold contamination during fermentation and storage. This study aims to investigate the specific volatile profiles of dominant culturable molds recovered under the applied isolation conditions in CTLs and to establish a robust volatile organic compounds (VOCs)-based targeted monitoring strategy for preventing early-stage mold outbreaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight dominant culturable molds were isolated from natural mold CTLs, and their spores were inoculated onto sterile CTLs. A combined visual scoring and mold counting system was utilized to evaluate the mold-inducing potential of the isolates. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) was employed to detect VOCs at the initial stage of visible mold onset. Furthermore, multivariate chemometric analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), were performed to process the data and screen for differential markers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on the evaluation system, the isolates were quantitatively classified into high-moldogenicity (\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus montevidensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Penicillium chrysogenum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus pseudoglaucus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus versicolor<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and low-moldogenicity (\n                      <jats:italic>Talaromyces funiculosus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Trichoderma longibrachiatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus chevalieri<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Aspergillus sydowii<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) strains. A total of 66 VOCs were identified by GC-IMS. PCA and PLS-DA not only clearly differentiated mold-contaminated samples from uninoculated controls but also clustered the strains according to their defined mold-inducing potential. Through strict variable screening (VIP &amp;gt; 1,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), three VOCs\u20143-octanone (M), 2-pentanol, and 2-methyl-1-butanol\u2014were identified as broad-spectrum early-warning markers for mold contamination. Additionally, 2-pentanol exhibited a distinctly higher relative abundance in high-moldogenicity strains, highlighting its potential as a quantitative indicator of infection severity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GC-IMS serves as a rapid and effective analytical tool for profiling dynamic VOC changes during fungal infection. The newly identified broad-spectrum markers and the quantitative classification model offer a promising targeted monitoring strategy to ensure safe cigar tobacco production.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1843382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T05:35:43Z","timestamp":1787895343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Moldogenicity of dominant culturable molds in cigar tobacco leaves and GC-IMS\u2013based analysis of volatile organic compounds"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kuo","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]},{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Southwest University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co., Ltd.","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beibei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cigar Technology Innovation Center of China Tobacco, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Centre of Hubei China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd.","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Centre of Hubei China Tobacco Industry Co., Ltd.","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co., Ltd.","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co., Ltd.","place":["Jinan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cigar Technology Innovation Center of China Tobacco, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd.","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changwen","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation","place":["Zhengzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2017.10.063","article-title":"Comparison and characterization of volatile compounds as markers of oils stability during frying by HS-SPME-GC\/MS and Chemometric analysis.","author":"Ben","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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