{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:26:50Z","timestamp":1792189610791,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004916","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004916","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to outpace the development of new anti-infective agents, particularly against priority bacterial pathogens such as\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , as well as clinically relevant fungi including\n                    <jats:italic>Candida auris<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In this scenario, biotransformation has emerged as a complementary innovation strategy for antimicrobial discovery because it expands the chemical space around bioactive scaffolds through selective enzymatic or whole-cell modification. Among the available biocatalysts, fungi are especially attractive due to their metabolic plasticity and broad enzymatic repertoire, including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, unspecific peroxygenases, laccases, peroxidases, and hydrolases. Current evidence shows that fungal systems can mediate regio- and stereoselective transformations of xenobiotics, aromatics, steroids, terpenes, and lipids, generating structurally refined metabolites of pharmacological and biotechnological interest. This narrative review discusses where fungal biotransformation currently stands as a platform for antimicrobial innovation, highlighting representative enzyme-characterized examples, the main fungal groups and catalytic systems involved, and the experimental workflows used to evaluate these processes. Particular emphasis is given to assay design with growing cells, resting cells, and isolated enzymes, as well as to analytical monitoring by time-course sampling, LC-HRMS\/MS, dereplication, molecular networking, isolation, and structural elucidation. Overall, fungal biotransformation is presented as a discovery-enabling platform that links biodiversity, enzymatic catalysis, analytical chemistry, and biological prioritization in the search for new anti-infective molecules.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1847633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:40:01Z","timestamp":1781070001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From fungal diversity to antimicrobial innovation: the potential of biotransformation in the era of resistance"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Juan Diego Ribeiro de","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Amazonas State University","place":["Manaus, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita de Cassia Santos da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research","place":["Manaus, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa da Silva","family":"Bind\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research","place":["Manaus, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela de Mesquita B\u00e1rcia","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research","place":["Manaus, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Daniel Santos de","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research","place":["Manaus, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert Langlady Lira Rosas","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research","place":["Manaus, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","family":"Alves Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Lorena School of Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Lorena","place":["S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagen","family":"Frickmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock","place":["Rostock, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg","place":["Hamburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rica Simpl\u00edcio de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multicenter Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Amazonas State University","place":["Manaus, Brazil"]},{"name":"School of Technology, Amazonas State University","place":["Manaus, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Vicente Braga de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research","place":["Manaus, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/146837a0","article-title":"An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin","volume":"146","author":"Abraham","year":"1940","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1080\/14786410802234528","article-title":"Microbial transformation of testosterone by Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium lini","volume":"22","author":"Al-Aboudi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Product Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b04804","article-title":"Integration of molecular networking and in-silico MS\/MS fragmentation for natural products dereplication","volume":"88","author":"Allard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Analyt. Chem."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.07005","article-title":"Cunninghamella\u2014a microbial model for drug metabolism studies\u2014a review","volume":"27","author":"Asha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-00114-z","article-title":"Natural products in drug discovery: advances and opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Atanasov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00044-z","article-title":"Biocatalysis","volume":"1","author":"Bell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Meth. Primers"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4518","DOI":"10.1021\/cr800190y","article-title":"Bio-oxidation of terpenes: an approach for the flavor industry","volume":"109","author":"Bicas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11117","article-title":"Engineering the third wave of biocatalysis","volume":"485","author":"Bornscheuer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in the 21st century: characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat","volume":"14","author":"Bradford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240032","DOI":"10.21577\/0103-5053.20240032","article-title":"Antimicrobial potential of soil\/sediment mangrove associated fungi: a review","volume":"35","author":"Braga","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Brazilian Chem. Soc."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17042","article-title":"Antibacterial drug discovery in the resistance era","volume":"529","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7334","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087334","article-title":"Epoxide hydrolases: multipotential biocatalysts","volume":"24","author":"Bu\u010dko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6234","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.9b01454","article-title":"Modulating fatty acid epoxidation vs hydroxylation in a fungal peroxygenase","volume":"9","author":"Carro","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"B14","first-page":"2021","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Threats in the United States","year":"2024"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.06020.","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 enzymes in the fungal kingdom","volume":"1814","author":"Cre\u0161nar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. et Biophy. Acta (BBA) \u2013 Prot. Proteom."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12363","article-title":"Whole cell biocatalysts: essential workers from nature to the industry","volume":"10","author":"De Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4789","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.8b01004","article-title":"Selective synthesis of the human drug metabolite 5\u2032-hydroxypropranolol by an evolved self-sufficient peroxygenase","volume":"8","author":"De G\u00f3mez Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Catal."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s43153-022-00239-1","article-title":"Fungal biotransformation of limonene and pinene for aroma production","volume":"40","author":"De Souza Sevalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brazilian J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-024-10002-8","article-title":"Biotransformation of natural compounds to create useful medicinal products","volume":"24","author":"Esmaeili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in the Eu\/Eea (Ears-Net): Annual Epidemiological Report for 2023","year":"2024"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-61590-5","author":"Faber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotransformations in Organic Chemistry: A Textbook, (7th Edn)"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.10.006","article-title":"Bioreactor scale-up and oxygen transfer rate in microbial processes: an overview","volume":"27","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ochoa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23061265","article-title":"Whole cells as biocatalysts in organic transformations","volume":"23","author":"Garz\u00f3n-Posse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2020.107615","article-title":"Recent developments in the use of peroxygenases \u2013 exploring their high potential in selective oxyfunctionalization reactions","volume":"51","author":"Hobisch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010163","article-title":"Peroxide-mediated oxygenation of organic compounds by fungal peroxygenases","volume":"11","author":"Hofrichter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.01015.","article-title":"Oxidations catalyzed by fungal peroxygenases","volume":"19","author":"Hofrichter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470616","DOI":"10.3389\/fctls.2024.1470616","article-title":"Challenges and perspectives in using unspecific peroxygenases for organic synthesis","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Catalysis"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5219.124-a","article-title":"\u201cCelbenin\u201d-resistant staphylococci","volume":"1","author":"Jevons","year":"1961","journal-title":"British Med. J."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-023-03737-7","article-title":"Recent advances in fungal xenobiotic metabolism: enzymes and applications","volume":"39","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-105","article-title":"Seven Golden Rules for heuristic filtering of molecular formulas obtained by accurate mass spectrometry","volume":"8","author":"Kind","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.04015","article-title":"Regioselective preparation of 5-hydroxypropranolol and 4\u2032-hydroxydiclofenac with a fungal peroxygenase","volume":"19","author":"Kinne","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70143-2","article-title":"Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study","volume":"10","author":"Kumarasamy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Inf. Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.02056.","article-title":"The science of antibiotic discovery","volume":"181","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00424-7","article-title":"Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Inf. Dis."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"1161","article-title":"Microbial hydroxylation of 16\u03b1,17\u03b1-epoxyprogesterone by Penicillium decumbens","volume":"16","author":"Mao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iranian J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.checat.2023.100889","article-title":"Complementary specificity of unspecific peroxygenases enables access to diverse products from terpene oxygenation","volume":"4","author":"Melling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem Catalysis"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NP00006D","article-title":"Current and emerging tools and strategies for the identification of bioactive natural products in complex mixtures","volume":"41","author":"Meunier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Product Rep."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201500493","article-title":"Synthesis of 1-naphthol by a natural peroxygenase engineered by directed evolution","volume":"17","author":"Molina-Espeja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Bio. Chem."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3496","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00490-14","article-title":"Directed evolution of unspecific peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita","volume":"80","author":"Molina-Espeja","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2023.100786","article-title":"Unspecific peroxygenases: the pot of gold at the end of the oxyfunctionalization rainbow","volume":"41","author":"Monterrey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opinion Green Sustain. Chem."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NP00004C","article-title":"Round, round we go \u2013 strategies for enzymatic cofactor regeneration","volume":"37","author":"Mordhorst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Product Rep."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.9b01285","article-title":"Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01\/1981 to 09\/2019","volume":"83","author":"Newman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"B45","volume-title":"Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations","author":"O'Neill","year":"2016"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122484","article-title":"Advances in the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by yeasts: a review","volume":"12","author":"Padilla-Garfias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorgan."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45706-x","article-title":"The CYPome of the model xenobiotic-biotransforming fungus Cunninghamella elegans","volume":"9","author":"Palmer-Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-015-1619-x","article-title":"Biotransformation of steroids and flavonoids by cultures of Aspergillus niger","volume":"176","author":"Parshikov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.06020.","article-title":"Oxidation of aromatic compounds by fungal peroxygenases","volume":"82","author":"Poraj-Kobielska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.05012.","article-title":"Engineering of a fungal steroid 11\u03b1-hydroxylase and construction of recombinant yeast for improved production of 11\u03b1-hydroxyprogesterone","volume":"353","author":"Qian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-024-09928-w","article-title":"Advanced high-resolution chromatographic strategies for efficient isolation of natural products from complex biological matrices: from metabolite profiling to pure chemical entities","volume":"23","author":"Queiroz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3109\/07388559509147404","article-title":"Solvent selection for whole cell biotransformations in organic media","volume":"15","author":"Salter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2008.00083.x","article-title":"Candida auris sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast isolated from the external ear canal of an inpatient in a Japanese hospital","volume":"53","author":"Satoh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00033","article-title":"Artificial biocatalytic linear cascades for preparation of organic molecules","volume":"118","author":"Schrittwieser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.7b00203","article-title":"Role of biocatalysis in sustainable chemistry","volume":"118","author":"Sheldon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.01021.","volume":"180","author":"Stokes","year":"2020"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)91037-9","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci","volume":"331","author":"Uttley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163242","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/163242","article-title":"Fungal laccases and their applications in bioremediation","volume":"2014","author":"Viswanath","year":"2014","journal-title":"Enzyme Res."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3597","article-title":"Sharing and community curation of mass spectrometry data with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.3109\/10242013813490.","article-title":"Biotransformation of 3\u03b2-hydroxy-5-en-steroids by Mucor silvaticus","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biocatal. Biotransform."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b05112","article-title":"Accelerating metabolite identification in natural product research: toward an ideal combination of LC-HRMS\/MS and NMR profiling, in silico databases, and chemometrics","volume":"91","author":"Wolfender","year":"2019","journal-title":"Analyt. Chem."},{"key":"B62","volume-title":"Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance","year":"2015"},{"key":"B63","volume-title":"WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research, Development and Public Health Action","year":"2022"},{"key":"B64","volume-title":"WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List, 2024: Bacterial Pathogens of Public Health Importance to Guide Research, Development and Strategies to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance","year":"2024"},{"key":"B65","volume-title":"Analysis of Antibacterial Agents in Clinical and Preclinical Development: Overview and Analysis 2025","year":""},{"key":"B66","volume-title":"Antifungal Agents in Clinical and Preclinical Development","year":""},{"key":"B67","year":""},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.4.1151-1161.2001","article-title":"Novel carbapenem-hydrolyzing \u03b2-lactamase, KPC-1, from a carbapenem-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"45","author":"Yigit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anti. Agents Chemo."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5046","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00774-09","article-title":"Characterization of a new metallo-\u03b2-lactamase gene, blaNDM-1, and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India","volume":"53","author":"Yong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anti. Agents Chemo."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1847633\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T05:40:05Z","timestamp":1781070005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1847633\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1847633"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1847633","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"article-number":"1847633"}}