{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T06:27:24Z","timestamp":1787120844817,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Mung bean is an important leguminous crop, which is reported to face devastating yield losses of up to 70% due to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease. Traditional methods, such as the application of agrochemicals and fungicides, have been used to control CLS, but their intensive use has toxic effects on edible crops.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n To find out a sustainable alternative, this study characterizes a strain,\n Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n Medicinal_04, isolated from\n Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n rhizosphere and explores its role as an eco-friendly biofungicide and biostimulant. The species level identification of the isolate was confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANIb) and a digital DNA\u2013DNA hybridization (dDDH). The antagonistic efficacy of\n B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n Medicinal_04 against\n Cercospora canescens<\/jats:italic>\n was evaluated\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n as well as\n in planta<\/jats:italic>\n assays.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n ANIb of 97.80% and a dDDH score of 85.90% against the reference\n B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n str. 168. confirmed this isolate as\n B. subtilis.<\/jats:italic>\n The\n in-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n results showed that\n B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n robustly inhibited\n C. canescens<\/jats:italic>\n growth by 81.5%, strongly correlated with positive chitinolytic activity and a diverse genomic array of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. The\n in planta<\/jats:italic>\n results demonstrated that\n B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n seed priming reduced disease incidence by 80 and 71.4%, while foliar application resulted in reductions of 90 and 85.7% for NM-51 and NM-20-21 varieties, respectively. Furthermore, fungicide application successfully reduced disease, however it caused noticeable phytotoxic reductions in root-shoot architecture and chlorophyll content. In contrast, biological interventions completely bypassed these trade-offs as\n B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n application displayed improved root-shoot length, pod number, and chlorophyll content, while simultaneously enhancing antioxidative enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) and\n PR-1<\/jats:italic>\n gene expression.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n These findings demonstrate that\n B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n Medicinal_04 has the potential to serve as a multifunctional biocontrol agent and is capable of securing high-level disease suppression and optimizing plant productivity, offering a valuable toolkit for climate-smart, sustainable agriculture.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1850863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T05:45:18Z","timestamp":1787118318000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacillus subtilis isolated from medicinal plants rhizosphere effectively controls Cercospora leaf spot and improves plant growth in mung bean (Vigna radiata)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Misbah ul","family":"Ain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (IPBB), MNS-University of Agriculture","place":["Multan, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akhtar","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Protection (IPP), MNS-University of Agriculture","place":["Multan, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saima","family":"Muzammil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Government College University","place":["Faisalabad, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsanko","family":"Gechev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Stress Physiology, Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology","place":["Plovdiv, Bulgaria"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Plovdiv University","place":["Plovdiv, Bulgaria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Faisal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology (IPBB), MNS-University of Agriculture","place":["Multan, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.pjar\/2020\/33.4.872.877","article-title":"Evaluation of advanced mung bean germplasm against cercospora leaf spot and its in vitro management by different fungicides","volume":"33","author":"Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. 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