{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:46:12Z","timestamp":1791377172525,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Multidrug-resistant (MDR)\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection is a major global public health concern due to its rapid emergence and increasing resistance to conventional antimicrobial agents. Therefore, the development of novel and environmentally friendly antimicrobial alternatives is urgently needed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, zinc oxide\u2013manganese oxide bimetallic nanocomposite (ZnO\u2013MnO BNC) was successfully synthesized using potato peel extract through a green synthesis approach. The synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM, and XRD analyses. Its biological activities, including cytotoxic, antibacterial, antibiofilm, bactericidal, and synergistic effects with cefotaxime, were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy showed characteristic absorption peaks at 300 and 380 nm, confirming nanocomposite formation. FTIR analysis identified the functional groups responsible for bioreduction and stabilization, along with Zn\u2013O and Mn\u2013O bonds. TEM analysis revealed nanosized particles ranging from 10 to 60 nm with an average size of approximately 35 nm, while XRD confirmed the crystalline structure of ZnO and MnO phases. Biological evaluation demonstrated moderate toxicity toward WI-38 normal cells (IC50 = 168.34 \u03bcg\/mL) and strong anticancer activity against Hep-G2 and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC50 values of 30.56 and 56.1 \u03bcg\/mL, respectively. The ZnO\u2013MnO BNC exhibited potent antibacterial activity against MDR\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      clinical isolates, producing inhibition zones up to 20.33 \u00b1 0.58 mm and minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 32 to 512 \u03bcg\/mL. Additionally, the nanocomposite showed significant antibiofilm activity (up to 62.99%), rapid bactericidal kinetics, time-kill efficacy, and pronounced protein leakage (up to 73.46%). Synergistic interaction with cefotaxime further enhanced antibacterial activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlight the potential of biogenic ZnO\u2013MnO BNC as an eco-friendly nanoplatform with promising antimicrobial and anticancer applications. The strong antibacterial, antibiofilm, and synergistic activities suggest its possible use as an alternative strategy to combat MDR bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1851865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T06:08:41Z","timestamp":1779430121000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Green-synthesized ZnO\u2013MnO nanocomposite as a potent antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent: protein leakage mechanism and synergistic interaction with cefotaxime"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Abdulrahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Menoufia National University","place":["Menoufia, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasir A.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr H.","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Saied","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathy M.","family":"Elkady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Abdel Tawab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahaa M.","family":"Badr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University","place":["Zarqa, Jordan"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch)","place":["Assiut, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samy","family":"Selim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University","place":["Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwag Jaman","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah","place":["Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan H.","family":"Alhassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University","place":["Sakaka, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nosiba S.","family":"Basher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman A.","family":"Alsalamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahd A.","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Aufy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-022-01126-0","article-title":"Characterization of ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity","volume":"34","author":"Abdelaliem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rend. 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