{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:19:33Z","timestamp":1787764773003,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The intestinal microbiota has emerged as a crucial regulator of host physiological functions, significantly influencing various forms of regulated cell death (RCD). Among these, pyroptosis and ferroptosis play pivotal roles in immune regulation, metabolic homeostasis, and disease progression. The gut microbiota modulates these cell-death pathways through microbial metabolites, inflammatory signaling, oxidative stress, and immune-cell polarization, thereby affecting intestinal disorders, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, current evidence remains fragmented across individual cell-death pathways, and direct microbiota-mediated regulation is often not clearly distinguished from indirect associations arising from barrier dysfunction, inflammation, or metabolic remodeling. This review critically synthesizes the regulatory networks linking the gut microbiota to pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and related cell-death mechanisms. Throughout, we use RCD as the umbrella term for genetically encoded death programs and reserve programmed cell death (PCD) for its physiological, developmental subset, and we grade the supporting evidence at four levels: direct microbial regulation of the death machinery, experimentally demonstrated microbiota-dependent regulation, indirect effects mediated by barrier dysfunction or inflammation, and purely observational association. By integrating recent findings, we discuss the potential and limitations of therapeutic strategies targeting microbiota-regulated cell death. This synthesis provides a framework for defining current evidence gaps and guiding future mechanistic and translational studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1853772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:35:01Z","timestamp":1787762101000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut microbiota-regulated cell death: a review on pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and related mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiangqiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.09.003","article-title":"Pyroptosis in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"523","author":"Al Mamun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607076","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2607076","article-title":"The role of gut microbiome in aging-associated diseases: where do we stand now and how technology will transform the future","volume":"18","author":"Aldriwesh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.10.068","article-title":"Gut microbiota and immunity relevance in eubiosis and dysbiosis","volume":"29","author":"Al-Rashidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2907254","article-title":"Novel insights into the interaction between enteropathogenic bacteria, pyroptosis and IBD","volume":"29","author":"Bao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422421000317","article-title":"Probiotics and prebiotics: potential prevention and therapeutic target for nutritional management of COVID-19?","volume":"36","author":"Batista","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2025.2495087","article-title":"Recent developments in managing luminal microbial ecology in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: from evidence to microbiome-based diagnostic and personalized therapy","volume":"19","author":"Bonazzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2025.01.006","article-title":"Lifelong partners: gut microbiota-immune cell interactions from infancy to old age","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.02.006","article-title":"Gasdermin D in pyroptosis","volume":"11","author":"Burdette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5793","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.102424","article-title":"Targeting mitochondria by lipid-selenium conjugate drug results in malate\/fumarate exhaustion and induces mitophagy-mediated necroptosis suppression","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.07.025","article-title":"Ferroptosis contributes to catecholamine-induced cardiotoxicity and pathological remodeling","volume":"207","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2303015","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202303015","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y-mediated gut microbiota alterations aggravate postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01229-y","article-title":"Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in health and disease","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2023.116494","article-title":"Hydroxysafflor yellow a protects against colitis in mice by suppressing pyroptosis via inhibiting HK1\/NLRP3\/GSDMD and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"467","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.01.015","article-title":"Pregnancy-induced changes to the gut microbiota drive macrophage pyroptosis and exacerbate septic inflammation","volume":"56","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27990","article-title":"Ferroptosis-suppressor-protein 1: a potential neuroprotective target for combating Ferroptosis","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-021-00516-0","article-title":"Gut microbiota: a potential target for traditional Chinese medicine intervention in coronary heart disease","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2022.05.001","article-title":"Cuproptosis: cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying copper-induced cell death","volume":"82","author":"Cobine","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa089","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease through the Lens of single-cell RNA-seq technologies","volume":"26","author":"Corridoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700712","article-title":"Copper regulates the canonical NLRP3 Inflammasome","volume":"200","author":"Deigendesch","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997056","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.997056","article-title":"Natural products against inflammation and atherosclerosis: targeting on gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1902719","article-title":"The gut microbiota metabolite capsiate promotes Gpx4 expression by activating TRPV1 to inhibit intestinal ischemia reperfusion-induced ferroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680096400579250924110355","article-title":"Gut microbiota: an innovative traditional Chinese medicine perspective on breast cancer therapy","volume":"26","author":"Ding","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113883","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1113883","article-title":"Caspase-11 promotes high-fat diet-induced NAFLD by increasing glycolysis, OXPHOS, and pyroptosis in macrophages","volume":"14","author":"Drummer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.11817\/j.issn.1672-7347.2025.250163","article-title":"Mechanisms by which the gut microbiota regulates depressive disorder via the tryptophan metabolic pathway","volume":"50","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2106-6","article-title":"Cuproptosis: copper-induced regulated cell death","volume":"65","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04186-5","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation plus immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer and melanoma: the phase 2 FMT-LUMINate trial","volume":"32","author":"Duttagupta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4222083","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/4222083","article-title":"Gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome: relationships and opportunities for new therapeutic strategies","volume":"2024","author":"Ezenabor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6291889","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6291889","article-title":"From Iron metabolism to Ferroptosis: pathologic changes in coronary heart disease","volume":"2022","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3664","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.70027","article-title":"Targeting programmed cell death as an innovative strategy against atherosclerosis: potential of natural compound supplements","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101198","article-title":"Multidistrict host-pathogen interaction during COVID-19 and the development post-infection chronic inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Fanelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-024-01257-w","article-title":"The role of KLF5 in gut microbiota and lung adenocarcinoma: unveiling programmed cell death pathways and prognostic biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Oncol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8075344","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine alleviates ulcerative colitis via modulating gut microbiota","volume":"2022","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2106516","article-title":"SER-109, an Oral microbiome therapy for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection","volume":"386","author":"Feuerstadt","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-017-0012-4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018","volume":"25","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119571","article-title":"Total Sanghuangporus vaninii extract inhibits hepatocyte ferroptosis and intestinal microbiota disturbance to attenuate liver fibrosis in mice","volume":"345","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01046-3","article-title":"Autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis in tumor immunotherapy","volume":"7","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-025-01525-4","article-title":"Combination of GLP-1 receptor agonist and Akkermansia muciniphila Akk11 reduces adiposity and ameliorates MASLD in T2D mice","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052111","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1052111","article-title":"Intestinal Gasdermins for regulation of inflammation and tumorigenesis","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22396","article-title":"PD-1 expression by tumour-associated macrophages inhibits phagocytosis and tumour immunity","volume":"545","author":"Gordon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.167043","article-title":"Iron overload induces colitis by modulating ferroptosis and interfering gut microbiota in mice","volume":"905","author":"Gu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02823-z","article-title":"A gut microbial signature for combination immune checkpoint blockade across cancer types","volume":"30","author":"Gunjur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9925059","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9925059","article-title":"Autophagy regulation on Pyroptosis: mechanism and medical implication in Sepsis","volume":"2021","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118012","article-title":"Baicalin n-butyl ester alleviates inflammatory bowel disease and inhibits pyroptosis through the ROS\/ERK\/P-ERK\/NLRP3 pathway in vivo and in vitro","volume":"186","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.039","article-title":"SnapShot: Ferroptosis","volume":"181","author":"Hadian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284934","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1284934","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs are involved in tumor cell death and affect tumorigenesis, progression, and treatment: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt-21-293","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces pyroptosis through regulation of autophagy in cardiomyocytes","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.120257","article-title":"The emerging roles of nitric oxide in ferroptosis and pyroptosis of tumor cells","volume":"290","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01196-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulate intestinal inflammation by endoplasmic reticulum stress-autophagy-cell death signaling axis","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Anim Sci Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2020.07.012","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and age-related neurological diseases; an innovative approach for therapeutic interventions","volume":"226","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C161","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00477.2023","article-title":"Emodin ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting ferroptosis through the remodeling of gut microbiota composition","volume":"326","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108717","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis-derived macrophage pyroptosis causes polycystic ovary syndrome via steroidogenesis disturbance and apoptosis of granulosa cells","volume":"107","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-03899-0","article-title":"Causal relationship between gut microbiota and pneumonia: a Mendelian randomization and retrospective case-control study","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2024.100969","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates food allergy in neonatal mice via the PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway and change of the microbiota composition","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.07.031","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived xanthohumol protects against heatstroke by inhibiting macrophage pyroptosis in mice","volume":"82","author":"Huang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0241748","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0241748","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic gut microbiota disruption on LPS-induced acute lung inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Jacobs","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0397-0","article-title":"A complex human gut microbiome cultured in an anaerobic intestine-on-a-chip","volume":"3","author":"Jalili-Firoozinezhad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2022.00136","article-title":"The gut microbiome and Ferroptosis in MAFLD","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8569","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.2c02960","article-title":"Preclinical studies of natural products targeting the gut microbiota: beneficial effects on diabetes","volume":"70","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15030348","article-title":"Triggering Pyroptosis in Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.08.039","article-title":"Monitoring fecal microbiota transplantation practice in a rapidly evolving health and regulatory environment","volume":"159","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2025.103431","article-title":"Unlocking therapeutic impacts of the gut microbiota with computational tools","volume":"97","author":"Kharb","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3145","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota metabolism of L-carnitine, a nutrient in red meat, promotes atherosclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Koeth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2022.08.231","article-title":"Gut microbiota Dysbiosis induced by a high-fat diet increases susceptibility to atrial fibrillation","volume":"38","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888719","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.888719","article-title":"IL-17 induces autophagy dysfunction to promote inflammatory cell death and fibrosis in keloid fibroblasts via the STAT3 and HIF-1\u03b1 dependent signaling pathways","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.04.007","article-title":"Copper metabolism domain-containing 1 represses genes that promote inflammation and protects mice from colitis and colitis-associated cancer","volume":"147","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114207","article-title":"Mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine in modulating gut microbiota metabolites-mediated lipid metabolism","volume":"278","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25321","DOI":"10.31083\/RCM25321","article-title":"A new insight on atherosclerosis mechanism and lipid-lowering drugs","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e386","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000005386","article-title":"TDO2 deficiency exacerbates the immune rejection response in rat liver transplantation via the Kyn-AHR Axis","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45513","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000045513","article-title":"Exploring the causal relationship between acute respiratory distress syndrome and gut microbiota: unveiling the gut-lung axis through a large-scale Mendelian randomization study","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685044","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1685044","article-title":"Gut-lung immunometabolic crosstalk in sepsis: from microbiota to respiratory failure","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149751","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1149751","article-title":"An overview of traditional Chinese medicine affecting gut microbiota in obesity","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03303-3","article-title":"Radiation-induced ferroptosis via liposomal delivery of 7-Dehydrocholesterol","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9642","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01286J","article-title":"Toxic effects of copper on the jejunum and colon of pigs: mechanisms related to gut barrier dysfunction and inflammation influenced by the gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01265","article-title":"NOX4 exacerbates Parkinson's disease pathology by promoting neuronal ferroptosis and neuroinflammation","volume":"20","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00596-9","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs in necroptosis, pyroptosis and ferroptosis in cancer metastasis","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S512207","article-title":"Decoding TMAO in the gut-organ Axis: from biomarkers and cell death mechanisms to therapeutic horizons","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106394","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulation by novel synbiotic improves production performance and ovarian function in aged laying hens via gut-ovary axis","volume":"105","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554189","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1554189","article-title":"Gut microbiota and its metabolites regulate insulin resistance: traditional Chinese medicine insights for T2DM","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2024.102432","article-title":"Inflammasome-independent pyroptosis","volume":"88","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154943","article-title":"Necroptosis inhibits autophagy by regulating the formation of RIP3\/p62\/Keap1 complex in shikonin-induced ROS dependent cell death of human bladder cancer","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.129696","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates intestinal inflammatory diarrhea caused by oxidative stress and pyroptosis via reducing gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharides","volume":"261","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2024.151642","article-title":"E. coli Nissle 1917 improves gut microbiota composition and serum metabolites to counteract atherosclerosis via the homocitrulline\/caspase 1\/NLRP3\/GSDMD axis","volume":"318","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-023-01091-2","article-title":"Actin cytoskeleton vulnerability to disulfide stress mediates disulfidptosis","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107258","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease: mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy crosstalk mechanisms with novel programmed cell death and macrophage polarisation","volume":"206","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175175","article-title":"Proteomic analysis reveals that ACSL4 activation during reflux esophagitis contributes to ferroptosis-mediated esophageal mucosal damage","volume":"931","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.217115","article-title":"Regulation of gut microbiota on immune cell ferroptosis: a novel insight for immunotherapy against tumor","volume":"598","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-025-01121-1","article-title":"The gut microbiota-mediated ferroptosis pathway: a key mechanism of ginsenoside Rd against metabolism-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8740","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c12790","article-title":"Natural phenolic compounds against Trichothecenes: from protective mechanisms to future perspectives","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01988-1","article-title":"Spatial host-microbiome sequencing reveals niches in the mouse gut","volume":"42","author":"L\u00f6tstedt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15702","article-title":"Cyclic helix B peptide promotes random-pattern skin flap survival via TFE3-mediated enhancement of autophagy and reduction of ROS levels","volume":"179","author":"Lou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1039\/d5tb02124c","article-title":"Integrated design and application of metal-organic frameworks in ferroptosis-mediated cancer therapy","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06950-0","article-title":"Butyric acid and valeric acid attenuate stress-induced ferroptosis and depressive-like behaviors by suppressing hippocampal neuroinflammation","volume":"23","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellin.2025.100265","article-title":"Microbiota-derived bile acid metabolic enzymes and their impacts on host health","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Insight"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20156487","article-title":"The gut microbiota modulates host amino acid and glutathione metabolism in mice","volume":"11","author":"Mardinoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0721","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000721","article-title":"Integrated hepatic ferroptosis gene signature dictates pathogenic features of ferroptosis","volume":"9","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202400934","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.202400934","article-title":"Cuproptosis: a copper-mediated programmed cell death","volume":"20","author":"Meena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Asian J."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5955","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814047116","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment affects the expression levels of copper transporters and the isotopic composition of copper in the colon of mice","volume":"116","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0090-8","article-title":"Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery","volume":"20","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107931","article-title":"Synthetic biology approaches for restoring gut microbial balance and engineering disease-specific microbiome therapeutics","volume":"207","author":"Mkilima","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098774","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1098774","article-title":"Gut distress and intervention via communications of SARS-CoV-2 with mucosal exposome","volume":"11","author":"Moon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2025.103580","article-title":"Decreased gut microbiome-derived indole-3-propionic acid mediates the exacerbation of myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury following depression via the brain-gut-heart axis","volume":"81","author":"Mu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1039\/d5fo04619j","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum remodeled the lung microbiota by crosstalk with the gut and lungs and regulated the PI3K-AKT pathway to alleviate acute lung injury","volume":"17","author":"Ni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4658","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.70083","article-title":"Natural products targeting Ferroptosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"39","author":"Niazpour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.13345\/j.cjb.240681","article-title":"Mining and dietary interventions of gut microbiota-derived metabolites","volume":"41","author":"Nie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.51786.1","article-title":"Is butyrate a natural alternative to dexamethasone in the management of CoVID-19?","volume":"10","author":"Nithin","year":"2021","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1897212","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health","volume":"13","author":"Nogal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.177022","article-title":"Gut microbiota and Alzheimer's disease: exploring natural product intervention and the gut-brain axis for therapeutic strategies","volume":"984","author":"Pasupalak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.10.015","article-title":"Get with the program: regulation of T cell death","volume":"47","author":"Patton","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128211","article-title":"The relationship between tryptophan metabolism and gut microbiota: interaction mechanism and potential effects in infection treatment","volume":"298","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2026.141087","article-title":"Unveiling the gut-brain axis: how chronic exposure to arsenic-induced microglial pyroptosis drives Alzheimer's disease-like pathology","volume":"503","author":"Qu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599570","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1599570","article-title":"Comprehensive metagenomic and lipidomic analysis showed that baicalin could improve depressive behaviour in atherosclerotic mice by inhibiting nerve cell ferroptosis","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810530","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1810530","article-title":"Metabolite profiling reveals the interaction of chitin-glucan with the gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02453-x","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation plus anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in advanced melanoma: a phase I trial","volume":"29","author":"Routy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2927","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545772","article-title":"Caspase-11 activates a canonical NLRP3 inflammasome by promoting K(+) efflux","volume":"45","author":"R\u00fchl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1247005","article-title":"Genome-scale CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screening in human cells","volume":"343","author":"Shalem","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.01.008","article-title":"Ferroptosis-driven nanotherapeutics for cancer treatment","volume":"319","author":"Shan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116147","article-title":"Effects of dietary arsenic exposure on liver metabolism in mice","volume":"274","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121882","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis and Huntington's disease: exploring the gut-brain axis and novel microbiota-based interventions","volume":"328","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14121478","article-title":"Investigating nickel-induced neurotoxicity: associations with gut microbiota dysbiosis and ferroptosis","volume":"14","author":"Shen","year":"","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70168","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70168","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis: pathogenesis, diseases, prevention, and therapy","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435391","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2435391","article-title":"Peptostreptococcus Anaerobius enhances dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis by promoting nf-\u03baB-NLRP3-dependent macrophage pyroptosis","volume":"15","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0315524","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03155-24","article-title":"Capsiate attenuates atherosclerosis by activating Nrf2\/GPX4 pathway and reshaping the intestinal microbiota in ApoE(\u2212\/\u2212) mice","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1626566","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1626566","article-title":"Regulation of pyroptosis by natural products in atherosclerosis: mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13683","article-title":"Inflammatory caspases are innate immune receptors for intracellular LPS","volume":"514","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15514","article-title":"Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death","volume":"526","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e202109038","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202109038","article-title":"Optogenetic activators of apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis","volume":"221","author":"Shkarina","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2021.167335","article-title":"Approaching neutrophil pyroptosis","volume":"434","author":"Sollberger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-024-02043-3","article-title":"Probiotic DNA regulates intestinal Th2 polarization by inducing epithelial cells to produce PD-L1","volume":"30","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11917","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201911917","article-title":"Zinc inhibits lethal inflammatory shock by preventing microbe-induced interferon signature in intestinal epithelium","volume":"12","author":"Souffriau","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715506","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.715506","article-title":"Metabolic influences of gut microbiota Dysbiosis on inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Sultan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10123305","article-title":"Endocannabinoid anandamide attenuates acute respiratory distress syndrome through modulation of microbiome in the gut-lung axis","volume":"10","author":"Sultan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7483","article-title":"Modification of lysine deacetylation regulates curcumol-induced necroptosis through autophagy in hepatic stellate cells","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2025.102180","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles exhibit diurnal regulation and activate hepatic gluconeogenesis","volume":"98","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.09.068","article-title":"Ferroptosis","volume":"30","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109400","article-title":"Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk","volume":"368","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00946-7","article-title":"Ferroptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis in anticancer immunity","volume":"13","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14010056","article-title":"Gut microbiota at the crossroad of hepatic oxidative stress and MASLD","volume":"14","author":"Termite","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2026.157773","article-title":"Balanophora involucrata alleviates diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting ferroptosis, modulating serum metabolites and gut microbiota","volume":"151","author":"Tian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117134","article-title":"Dissecting the role of cadmium, lead, arsenic, and mercury in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"238","author":"Tinkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf0529","article-title":"Copper induces cell death by targeting lipoylated TCA cycle proteins","volume":"375","author":"Tsvetkov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.10.011","article-title":"From microbiome to metabolism: bridging a two-decade translational gap","volume":"38","author":"Van Hul","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13092299","article-title":"Alveolar epithelial cell dysfunction in acute respiratory distress syndrome: mechanistic insights and targeted interventions","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379058","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1379058","article-title":"Ferroptosis: a new mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine for treating ulcerative colitis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041698","article-title":"The gut microbiota metabolite butyrate modulates acute stress-induced Ferroptosis in the prefrontal cortex via the gut-brain Axis","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119160","article-title":"Jingfang granules alleviates the lipid peroxidation induced ferroptosis in rheumatoid arthritis rats by regulating gut microbiota and metabolism of short chain fatty acids","volume":"339","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00343","article-title":"Ferroptosis, Pyroptosis, and Cuproptosis in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114830","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis and its relevance to cardiovascular disease","volume":"163","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161174","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161174","article-title":"Systematic review: adverse events of fecal microbiota transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685962","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1685962","article-title":"The \"gut microbiota-ferroptosis axis\": a hypothesis for osteoarthritis pathogenesis and therapeutic implications","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9632","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO02802C","article-title":"The therapeutic effect and possible mechanisms of alginate oligosaccharide on metabolic syndrome by regulating gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644862","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.644862","article-title":"Monocarboxylate transporter 4 triggered cell Pyroptosis to aggravate intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16224","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16224","article-title":"Exosomal miR-142-3p from M1-polarized macrophages suppresses cell growth and immune escape in glioblastoma through regulating HMGB1-mediated PD-1\/PD-L1 checkpoint","volume":"169","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122709","article-title":"Regulated necrotic cell death in alternative tumor therapeutic strategies","volume":"9","author":"Woo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2021.1899667","article-title":"TNF-induced necroptosis initiates early autophagy events via RIPK3-dependent AMPK activation, but inhibits late autophagy","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"C724","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00565.2023","article-title":"Paeoniflorin confers ferroptosis resistance by regulating the gut microbiota and its metabolites in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"326","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S412747","article-title":"Ferroptosis and traditional Chinese medicine for type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102767","article-title":"Cyclic helix B peptide alleviates proinflammatory cell death and improves functional recovery after traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8186877","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8186877","article-title":"GDF-11 protects the traumatically injured spinal cord by suppressing Pyroptosis and necroptosis via TFE3-mediated autophagy augmentation","volume":"2021","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39401-9","article-title":"SLC7A11 expression level dictates differential responses to oxidative stress in cancer cells","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00887-6","article-title":"Pyroptosis and pyroptosis-inducing cancer drugs","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S450337","article-title":"Small intestinal endocrine cell derived Exosomal ACE2 protects islet \u03b2-cell function by inhibiting the activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome and reducing \u03b2-cell Pyroptosis","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154712","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes and related diseases","volume":"117","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2263210","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2263210","article-title":"The influence of microbiota on ferroptosis in intestinal diseases","volume":"15","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154775","article-title":"Zuogui-Jiangtang-Yishen decoction prevents diabetic kidney disease: intervene pyroptosis induced by trimethylamine n-oxide through the mROS-NLRP3 axis","volume":"114","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2024.111258","article-title":"Loss of ADAR1 induces ferroptosis of breast cancer cells","volume":"121","author":"Yin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0324586","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0324586","article-title":"Screening and validation of 3\u2032-Methoxydaidzein as a therapeutic agent in ulcerative colitis based on disulfidptosis-associated molecular clusters","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4125","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7607","article-title":"Crosstalk between traditional Chinese medicine-derived polysaccharides and the gut microbiota: a new perspective to understand traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"36","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2025.110222","article-title":"Ferroptosis inhibition by spermidine via the NCOA4\/ferritin axis and polyamine-microbiota dysbiosis in ulcerative colitis","volume":"150","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2025.189397","article-title":"Multidimensional regulation of the microbe-TLR4 signaling Axis in colorectal cancer: from molecular mechanisms to microbe-targeted therapies","volume":"1880","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.3c00406","article-title":"Ferroptosis-regulated cell death as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative diseases: current status and future prospects","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03566-6","article-title":"Evidence of pyroptosis and ferroptosis extensively involved in autoimmune diseases at the single-cell transcriptome level","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101994","article-title":"Bisdemethoxycurcumin alleviates dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and modulating the gut microbiota in mice","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.78370","article-title":"3,4-Dimethoxychalcone, a caloric restriction mimetic, enhances TFEB-mediated autophagy and alleviates pyroptosis and necroptosis after spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108091","article-title":"Crosstalk mechanisms among gut microbiota, novel programmed cell death, and macrophage polarization","volume":"224","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964034","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.964034","article-title":"The underlying pathological mechanism of ferroptosis in the development of cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70012","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70012","article-title":"Gut microbiota in health and disease: advances and future prospects","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505119","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2505119","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii prevents age-related heart failure by suppressing ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes through butyrate-mediated LCN2 regulation","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref178","first-page":"1268","volume-title":"Dihydromyricetin alleviates pyroptosis and necroptosis in mice with MPTP-induced chronic Parkinson\u2019s disease by inducing autophagy. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao","author":"Zhang","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-017-6627-9","article-title":"Effect of dietary copper level on the gut microbiota and its correlation with serum inflammatory cytokines in Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114985","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: a review","volume":"164","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10023","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO01747D","article-title":"Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens ZW18 from kefir enhances the anti-tumor effect of anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) immunotherapy by modulating the gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"load032","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemeta\/load032","article-title":"Gut microbiota, immunity, and bile acid metabolism: decoding metabolic disease interactions","volume":"2","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Metab"},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03215-6","article-title":"Modified Gexia-Zhuyu Tang inhibits gastric cancer progression by restoring gut microbiota and regulating pyroptosis","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1168226","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1168226","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine inhibits PD-1\/PD-L1 axis to sensitize cancer immunotherapy: a literature review","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5394096","article-title":"Implication of gut microbiota in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"2020","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02524-4","article-title":"The metabolites of gut microbiota: their role in ferroptosis in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794879","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.794879","article-title":"Programmed cell death: complex regulatory networks in cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-024-07642-5","article-title":"Ferroptosis in cardiovascular diseases and Ferroptosis-related intervention approaches","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i26.3164","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis regulates the programmed cell death 1 pathway and immune response in mice with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2026.02.019","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived indole-3-lactic acid suppresses anti-PD-1 efficacy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13050820","article-title":"The induction mechanism of Ferroptosis, necroptosis, and Pyroptosis in inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal Cancer, and intestinal injury","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e33053","article-title":"L.acidophilus HSCC LA042 and HKL suspension ameliorate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice by improving the intestinal barrier inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome and pathogenic bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e71203","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202403391RRR","article-title":"Innovative butyric acid nanoparticle therapy restores gut-lung Axis and suppresses PTPN1-mediated inflammation in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.10.010","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila-derived acetate activates the hepatic AMPK\/SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 axis to alleviate ferroptosis in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Zhuge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-05006-x","article-title":"Gut-derived immune cells and the gut-lung axis in ARDS","volume":"28","author":"Ziaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-022-00446-5","article-title":"Inhibition of myeloid PD-L1 suppresses osteoclastogenesis and cancer bone metastasis","volume":"29","author":"Zuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1853772\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:35:08Z","timestamp":1787762108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1853772\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":196,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1853772"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1853772","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"article-number":"1853772"}}