{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:30:11Z","timestamp":1787725811033,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIAID of the National Institute of Health","award":["R21AI128284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI128284"]}]},{"name":"NIAID of the National Institute of Health","award":["R21GM135853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21GM135853"]}]},{"name":"NIAID of the National Institute of Health","award":["R01AI162756"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI162756"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Skeletal muscle regeneration relies on coordinated interactions between immune cells and resident stem cell populations. While most studies have focused on sterile injury, the impact of infections on muscle repair remains less understood.\n                    <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a widespread parasite that establishes chronic infection in skeletal muscle and also the central nervous system, induces myositis, fibrosis, and loss of muscle function. In mice, a natural intermediate host, chronic infection sustains a robust Th1 response dominated by IFN\u03b3-producing CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), which normally promote resolution of inflammation, instead adopt a pathogenic phenotype, increasing inflammation and impairing repair. Amphiregulin (Areg), a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor, has been implicated in tissue repair by enhancing Treg function, promoting macrophage polarization, and supporting mesenchymal differentiation. While exogenous Areg improves muscle function during chronic\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection, the role of endogenous Areg remains unknown. Here, we used Areg-deficient mice to investigate its contribution to muscle repair during chronic infection. We show that Areg deficiency impaired Areg deficiency impaired fibro-adipogenic progenitor (FAP) expansion, reduced IFN\u03b3-producing CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, and diminished the frequency of Tbet\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Tregs. Additionally, following CTX injury, Areg-deficient mice, particularly females, exhibited impaired regeneration characterized by smaller, more heterogeneous myofibers, and increased damaged area. These findings reveal a critical role for endogenous Areg in timely FAP expansion, proper effector and regulatory T cell polarization, and efficient muscle regeneration in the setting of chronic\n                    <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1854938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:04:06Z","timestamp":1787724246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endogenous Amphiregulin promotes muscle repair and function through expansion of fibro-adipogenic progenitors during chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ronzon","family":"Shihab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Alfaro-Chacon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Humby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb","family":"Buerger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Wohlfert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo","place":["Buffalo, NY, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.759","article-title":"CD34 promotes satellite cell motility and entry into proliferation to facilitate efficient skeletal muscle regeneration","volume":"29","author":"Alfaro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.5.1614-1619.1991","article-title":"Depletion of L3T4+ (CD4+) T lymphocytes prevents development of resistance to toxoplasma gondii in mice","volume":"59","author":"Araujo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infect. 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