{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T06:30:27Z","timestamp":1786516227184,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) is essential, but conventional culture-based methods require 48\u201372 h, delaying targeted treatment. Here we report a first small study of a direct electrochemical AST system on clinical urine samples. The study aimed to validate the technology and support further research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>18 urine and 2 control samples were tested with 3 antibiotics above and below EUCAST breakpoints, resulting in 474 antibiotic-sample combinations grouped as 158 triplets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using routine clinical diagnostics as reference method, categorical agreement, sensitivity, and specificity were 87.9% (95% CI, 83.7\u201391.1%), 0.95 (95% CI, 0.8952\u20130.9769) and 0.831 (95% CI, 0.7684\u20130.8786), respectively. The average time to result was 6.0 \u00b1 3.3 h. Its non-species-specific electrochemical principle theoretically allows it to be applied to various sample types and organisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results demonstrate that the electrochemical AST platform provides accurate results on the same day directly from patient samples, likely eliminating the need for mandatory pre-culturing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1855865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:54:53Z","timestamp":1786514093000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of a rapid, direct sample loading electrochemical AST assay with clinical urine samples"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Oliver","family":"Riester","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University","place":["Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Kolesnik-Goldmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Quiblier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilhelm Eugen Andreas","family":"Krames","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University","place":["Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg","place":["Halle (Saale), Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Nolte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans-Peter","family":"Deigner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Precision Medicine, Furtwangen University","place":["Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany"]},{"name":"Faculty of Science, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen","place":["Tuebingen, Germany"]},{"name":"EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI (Leipzig)","place":["Rostock, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.11.25323422","article-title":"The association between undetected heteroresistance and antibiotic treatment failure in complicated urinary tract infection","author":"Abbott","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"ref2","year":""},{"key":"ref3","year":""},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.4103\/jlp.jlp_118_17","article-title":"Direct identification and susceptibility testing of gram-negative bacilli from turbid urine samples using VITEK2","volume":"10","author":"Angaali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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