{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T06:00:10Z","timestamp":1785218410969,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant extracts offers an eco-friendly and sustainable strategy for developing multifunctional nanomaterials with biomedical applications. This study aimed to biosynthesize AgNPs using\n Syzygium aromaticum<\/jats:italic>\n (clove) extract and evaluate their physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer, and antibacterial activities.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n AgNPs were biosynthesized using clove extract and characterized by Ultraviolet\u2013Visible Spectroscopy (UV\u2013Vis), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX). Antioxidant activity was determined by IC\u2085\u2080 analysis, while anti-inflammatory potential was assessed using hemolysis protection and human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assays. Antiviral activity was evaluated against hepatitis A virus (HAV), Coxsackievirus B4 (COXB4), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Cytotoxicity was assessed in human colorectal carcinoma (CaCO\u2082) and normal lung fibroblast (Wi-38) cells. Antibacterial activity was tested against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains, and quantitative molecular analyses were performed to determine the expression of bacterial virulence genes and cancer-related genes. All reported values represent the mean of three independent experiments.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The synthesized AgNPs were predominantly spherical, well dispersed, and had an average particle size of approximately 9.5 nm. XRD confirmed a crystalline face-centered cubic (fcc) structure, while UV\u2013Vis analysis showed a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 437 nm, confirming successful nanoparticle formation. The AgNPs exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC\u2085\u2080 of approximately 13.5 \u03bcg\/mL and demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity through membrane stabilization and hemolysis protection. Antiviral assays showed marked inhibition of HAV, COXB4, and HSV-1 at 250 \u03bcg\/mL, with the highest inhibition observed against HAV (74%). Cytotoxicity studies revealed selective anticancer activity, with an IC\u2085\u2080 of approximately 137 \u03bcg\/mL against CaCO\u2082 cells compared with 387 \u03bcg\/mL for Wi-38 cells. Broad-spectrum antibacterial activity was observed against MDR\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (ATCC 27217),\n Staphylococcus haemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n (ATCC 29970),\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n (BAA-197), and\n Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n (BAA-1705). Molecular analyses demonstrated significant suppression of bacterial virulence genes, including luxS in\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n (70%),\n fnbA<\/jats:italic>\n -a and\n cna<\/jats:italic>\n in\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (74%),\n fnbA<\/jats:italic>\n -h in\n S. haemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n (77%), and\n rmpA<\/jats:italic>\n in\n K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n (81%) at AgNP concentrations of 10 \u03bcg\/mL for Gram-positive and 12.5 \u03bcg\/mL for Gram-negative strains. In CaCO\u2082 cells, AgNP treatment significantly downregulated c-MYC (0.49-fold), K-RAS (0.67-fold), and BCL2 (0.78-fold;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.01), while significantly upregulating BAX (1.74-fold).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n Clove-mediated AgNPs demonstrated potent multifunctional biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, selective anticancer, and antibacterial effects, accompanied by modulation of cancer-associated and bacterial virulence genes. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of biosynthesized AgNPs as promising candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial and anticancer nanomedicines.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1860045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T05:35:06Z","timestamp":1785216906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clove-mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and in vitro investigation of their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer potential"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Eman Jassim","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University","place":["Baghdad, Iraq"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali R.","family":"Laftah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University","place":["Baghdad, Iraq"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salem S.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al\u2013Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eslam Abdelhakim","family":"Seyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Insurance and Risk Management, College of Business, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Gamal","family":"Al-bakarey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al\u2013Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosra","family":"Modafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Jazan University","place":["Jazan, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fady","family":"Sayed Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University","place":["Giza, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed E. M.","family":"Abdelaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Port-Said University","place":["Port-Said, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Al-Habibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Khedr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al\u2013Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alfaifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Labs, King Khalid University, Alqura\u2019a","place":["Abha, Saudia Arabia"]},{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Tissue Culture and Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Shati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Tissue Culture and Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, King Khalid University","place":["Abha, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alsayed E.","family":"Mekky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al\u2013Azhar University","place":["Cairo, Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-023-00547-0","article-title":"Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles derived from lemon and pomegranate peel extracts to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial isolates","volume":"21","author":"Abdelrazik","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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