{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:49:03Z","timestamp":1782139743760,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the quest for the development of antibiotic alternatives, this study aimed to systematically evaluate the probiotic potential and mechanism of action of\n                      <jats:italic>Ligilactobacillus agilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      R22, a novel strain isolated from chickens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      probiotic properties of\n                      <jats:italic>L. agilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      R22, including growth ability, gastrointestinal tolerance, and antimicrobial activity, were initially assessed. Genomic and untargeted metabolomic analyses were conducted to explore its genetic and metabolic profiles. For\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      evaluation, dietary supplementation of R22 was performed in broilers to assess growth performance, gut morphology, microbiota, and metabolites. Furthermore, a Salmonella enterica serovar Pullorum infection model in chicks and a fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment in mice were established to investigate its protective efficacy and underlying mechanisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>L. agilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      R22 exhibited robust growth, high tolerance to simulated gastrointestinal environments, and significant antimicrobial activity. Omics analyses revealed multiple probiotic-associated genes, an absence of virulence genes, and the capacity to synthesize essential nutrients for the host. In broilers, R22 supplementation significantly improved growth performance, intestinal morphology, and increased the levels of ghrelin and insulin-like growth factor-1. While the overall gut microbiota structure was not significantly altered, beneficial species and specific intestinal metabolites were enriched. In the S. Pullorum infection model, R22 effectively inhibited pathogen colonization in the gut and systemic dissemination to other organs, significantly mitigating pathological changes. Additionally, the FMT mouse model provided evidence that the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      protective effects of R22 are mediated by the gut microbiota it remodels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The affected intestinal metabolites and the remodeled gut microbiota collectively contribute to the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      beneficial effects of\n                      <jats:italic>L. agilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      R22. Taken together,\n                      <jats:italic>L. agilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      R22 is a promising probiotic candidate that can be utilized in microbial feed additives.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1862425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:12:23Z","timestamp":1782137543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A chicken-origin Ligilactobacillus agilis R22 exerts probiotic features including growth-promotion and anti-Salmonella infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yufan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"China Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"China Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaya","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"China Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"China Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"China Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiabing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"China Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production","place":["Wuhan, China"]},{"name":"International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2013.6355","article-title":"Evaluation of Lactobacillus and Bacillus-based probiotics as alternatives to antibiotics in enteric microbial challenged weaned piglets","volume":"8","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. 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