{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:00:28Z","timestamp":1785477628883,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are bacteria-specific components involved in maintaining mobile genetic elements that may carry antibiotic resistance determinants (ARDs), among other functions. PemIK-Sa1 is a plasmid-encoded TA system found in\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a dangerous pathogen affecting humans and animals. The PemK-Sa1 toxin is a sequence-specific ribonuclease inhibited by its cognate antitoxin, PemI-Sa1. Using recombinant multidrug-resistant strains, we demonstrated that expression of the toxin reduces resistance to antibiotics from various classes, including \u03b2-lactams, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicol. Transcriptomics revealed that, in addition to downregulation of genes encoding ARDs, nearly one-third of the staphylococcal transcriptome is altered. Furthermore, proteomic analysis revealed that toxin expression results in the downregulation of several proteins involved in nucleotide biosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and energy production. This indicates parallel mechanisms in which the toxin not only degrades ARD transcripts, thereby directly impacting their function, but also alters the expression of genes encoding proteins crucial to essential cell processes. The ability to reduce resistance to a broad range of antibiotics makes the PemK-Sa1 toxin a promising tool for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria through the artificial activation of the PemIK-Sa1 TA system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1863659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:37:18Z","timestamp":1785476238000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The toxin from the PemIK-Sa1 toxin-antitoxin system decreases Staphylococcus aureus resistance to antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Emilia","family":"Bonar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinga","family":"Chlebicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Bukowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen","place":["Groningen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Jod\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Kosecka-Strojek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rabi\u0119cny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Suder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Hopcia\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuzanna","family":"G\u0142owacka-Grzyb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]},{"name":"Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krak\u00f3w, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoria","family":"Akkerboom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen","place":["Groningen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen","place":["Groningen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur J.","family":"Sabat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen","place":["Groningen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benedykt","family":"W\u0142adyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University","place":["Krakow, Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05583-3","article-title":"Structural basis of broad-spectrum \u03b2-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"613","author":"Alexander","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03307.x","article-title":"Molecular analysis of fusidic acid resistance in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"47","author":"Besier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. 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