{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T06:19:45Z","timestamp":1783059585027,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seasonal environmental variation may influence the composition of tick-associated bacterial communities. This study assessed seasonal differences in the microbiome of questing nymphal ticks collected from Missouri, United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Questing ticks were collected during early and late seasonal periods at a livestock-associated site in central Missouri. To minimize confounding by developmental stage, microbiome analyses were restricted to nymphal ticks. Bacterial communities were characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Alpha diversity (richness, Shannon, and Simpson indices), beta diversity (Jaccard and Bray\u2013Curtis dissimilarities), and differential abundance analyses were performed. Community differences were evaluated using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sequencing generated 984\u2013101,293 reads per sample. Sequencing depth was strongly correlated with observed richness (\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.808,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f2\u202f\u00d7\u202f10\n                      <jats:sup>\u22127<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Comparisons of non-rarefied and rarefied datasets revealed no significant differences between early- and late-season nymphal ticks in observed richness, Shannon diversity, or Simpson diversity (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05). In contrast, beta-diversity analyses identified significant differences in bacterial community membership between seasonal groups based on Jaccard dissimilarity (PERMANOVA:\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f1.5,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.066,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0102), whereas Bray\u2013Curtis dissimilarity showed a non-significant trend toward seasonal separation (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f2.2,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.090,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0834). Differential abundance analysis identified 18 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with raw\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      -values &amp;lt; 0.05, of which one Rickettsia-associated ASV remained significant following false discovery rate correction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seasonal differences in bacterial community composition were detected among nymphal ticks despite similar levels of microbial richness and alpha diversity. The enrichment of a Rickettsia-associated ASV in early-season ticks suggests that season may influence the occurrence of specific bacterial taxa within tick microbiomes. Further studies using higher-resolution sequencing and pathogen-specific approaches are needed to clarify the ecological significance of these seasonal patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1863755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T05:40:39Z","timestamp":1783057239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Seasonal variation in the bacterial microbiome of questing nymphal ticks in Missouri, United States"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Aidan J.","family":"DeSalle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor I.","family":"Agbajelola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron C.","family":"Ericsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]},{"name":"MU Metagenomics Center (MUMC), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ren","family":"Shyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kannappan","family":"Palaniappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enbal","family":"Shacham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University","place":["St. Louis, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram K.","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Integrative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]},{"name":"MU Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Missouri","place":["Columbia, MO, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E781","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613422114","article-title":"Pathogen-mediated manipulation of arthropod microbiota to promote infection","volume":"114","author":"Abraham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. 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