{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:05:29Z","timestamp":1789679129319,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The bacterial gut microbiota has been implicated in the pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD), yet most studies have focused on Western populations and have typically examined the gut or skin microbiota in isolation. Evidence for interactions between skin and gut microbiota in inflammatory skin diseases remains limited, particularly in pediatric cohorts from non-Western settings. Here, we profiled the bacterial gut microbiota in children with AD from Indonesia, and evaluated the relationship with bacterial skin microbiota using paired gut and skin samples from the same individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Skin and fecal swabs were collected from children and adolescents aged 4\u201318 years (111 AD cases and 107 controls) recruited from the Pediatric Dermatology Clinic of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, an urban tertiary-care referral center in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Both skin and gut bacterial microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA sequencing and bacteria were identified using DADA2 pipeline, previously published skin microbiota data from the same participants were paired with the gut microbiota data for skin-gut analyses. Alpha diversity was compared between AD cases and controls, beta diversity assessed using permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and univariable differential analysis was tested using ANCOM-BC2.\n                      <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      functional pathway analyses was performed with PICRUSt2. Correlation analysis between the bacterial gut microbiota and the skin microbiota was performed using SparXCC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gut alpha diversity did not differ between AD cases and controls, although hand feeding was associated with a higher Shannon diversity (\u03b2 = 0.20; adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.041). Gut microbiota composition was associated with birth method, maternal education, and age, while AD status was not significant. We found differences in the composition of between\n                      <jats:italic>Dialister invisus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Parabacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      UCG-009, and\n                      <jats:italic>Flavonifractor<\/jats:italic>\n                      in AD. Furthermore, we identified 24 differentially abundant predicted pathways. CMP-8-amino-3,8-dideoxy-D-manno-octulosonate biosynthesis was more abundant in AD, while palmitoyl ethanolamide biosynthesis was more abundant in control. Correlation analysis showed modest to weak correlations between skin and gut microbiota. Fourteen skin\u2013gut pairs showed different correlation between AD and controls. ASV70 (\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus capitis\/caprae<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2013\n                      <jats:italic>Butyrivibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      pair was identified as an AD-enriched associations, whereas ASV173 (\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus nepalensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\u2013\n                      <jats:italic>Odoribacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      was identified as control-enriched association.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gut microbiota differences by AD were modest. ASV-level, predicted stool functional pathways, and skin\u2013gut correlation analyses suggested selective cross-site associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1864438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T05:35:30Z","timestamp":1783920930000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut microbiota profiles in pediatric atopic dermatitis and their relationship with skin microbiota: an Indonesian case-control study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Raden Mohamad Rendy Ariezal","family":"Effendi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Aesthetics, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung","place":["West Java, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hok Bing","family":"Thio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Kraaij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam","place":["Rotterdam, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysanti","family":"Murad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung","place":["West Java, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reiva","family":"Farah Dwiyana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Aesthetics, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung","place":["West Java, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oki","family":"Suwarsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Aesthetics, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung","place":["West Java, Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamar E. 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