{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:18:02Z","timestamp":1785403082851,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Multi-kingdom disease complexes, where fungi, bacteria, and viruses interact synergistically, are increasingly recognized as a threat to bamboo, a fast-growing Poaceae lineage of high ecological and economic value. However, the mechanisms regulating tri-kingdom disease synergy in bamboo remain poorly understood. This review addresses a central question: Through which molecular and ecological pathways do pathogens from three kingdoms cooperatively enhance bamboo disease severity? We synthesize four key synergy mechanisms: (1) Facilitation of infection:\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium proliferatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    hyphae build physical entry points as well as transport channels that assist\n                    <jats:italic>Erwinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. to colonize vascular tissues. (2) Immunosuppression: Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV; genus\n                    <jats:italic>Potexvirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , family\n                    <jats:italic>Alphaflexiviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) inhibits host RNA silencing through viral-encoded proteins TGBp1 and CP, which bind small RNA\u2019s and inhibit amplification by RDR6, thereby establishing a permissive environment for secondary invaders, a mechanism inferred from other\n                    <jats:italic>Potexvirus<\/jats:italic>\n                    systems, as direct co-infection evidence in bamboo is currently unavailable. (3) Metabolic cross-feeding: fungal virulence enhanced by bacterial metabolites (e.g., lipopeptides, siderophores), although metabolic synergy in bamboo has not been demonstrated. (4) Biofilm protection: scanning electron microscopy reveals bacterial biofilm on the fungal hyphae surfaces that protect pathogens against host defenses. Quantitatively, the\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium-Erwinia<\/jats:italic>\n                    co-infection synergy coefficient of bamboo culm rot is S\u202f\u2248\u202f1.8, indicating approximately 80% disease severity. Assuming multiplicative independence among mechanisms, tri-kingdom synergy could exceed S\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f3.0, a testable hypothesis. This review identifies the following knowledge gaps: (1) no mycovirus isolated from a bamboo-infecting fungus; (2) no bacteriophage characterized against bamboo bacterial pathogen; (3) no quantified studies involving BaMV; and (4) no genome-wide association studies identifying genetic determinants of synergy. This review proposes that effective biocontrol means disrupting the interfaces of pathogen cooperation - disrupting infection courts, interfering with immunosuppression, chelating iron, and degrading biofilm\u2013rather than introducing beneficial microbes. This review proposes a conceptual framework for cross-kingdom microbial interactions in bamboo-associated microbiomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1865230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:51:34Z","timestamp":1785401494000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tri-kingdom interactions in bamboo microbiomes: mechanisms of pathogen cooperation and implications for disease management"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Muqadus","family":"Zafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Agri-forestry, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Forestry and Grass Land Key Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Bamboo Genetic Resources in Southwest of China","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Agri-forestry, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Forestry and Grass Land Key Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Bamboo Genetic Resources in Southwest of China","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashf","family":"Wajid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Agri-forestry, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Forestry and Grass Land Key Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Bamboo Genetic Resources in Southwest of China","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Agri-forestry, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Forestry and Grass Land Key Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Bamboo Genetic Resources in Southwest of China","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Agri-forestry, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Forestry and Grass Land Key Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Bamboo Genetic Resources in Southwest of China","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanglian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Agri-forestry, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Forestry and Grass Land Key Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Bamboo Genetic Resources in Southwest of China","place":["Mianyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Sciences and Agri-forestry, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Engineering Research Center of Biomass Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology","place":["Mianyang, China"]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Forestry and Grass Land Key Laboratory for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Bamboo Genetic Resources in Southwest of China","place":["Mianyang, 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