{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:36:21Z","timestamp":1788878181929,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The global crisis of antimicrobial resistance has reached critical levels, with multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens threatening to render conventional antibiotics ineffective. This mini review synthesizes recent evidence from 2020 to 2026 on bacteriophage therapy against MDR bacteria, examining clinical applications, engineering advances, mechanistic insights, and emerging technologies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive literature search was conducted across Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases, supplemented by PubMed, Google Scholar, and ArXiv searches, focusing on phage therapy for MDR bacterial infections published between 2020 and 2026.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent developments include expanded clinical experience through specialized phage centers, sophisticated genetic engineering techniques including CRISPR-based systems, successful compassionate-use programs, and innovative combination therapies with antibiotics. Clinical reports demonstrate safety and preliminary efficacy signals in selected refractory infections, though randomized controlled data remain limited. Engineering advances have produced phage-delivered CRISPR antimicrobials, hybrid delivery platforms, and synthetic phage particles that expand therapeutic capabilities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While challenges remain in regulatory standardization, scalable manufacturing, and resistance management, the field has demonstrated significant progress toward clinical translation. The convergence of synthetic biology, personalized medicine approaches, and growing clinical evidence positions phage therapy as a viable complementary strategy in the fight against MDR bacterial infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1865548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:39:44Z","timestamp":1780637984000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Bacteriophage therapy against multidrug resistant bacterial infections demonstrates clinical advances and engineering innovations between 2020\u20132026"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ahmed J.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ofaa389","DOI":"10.1093\/OFID\/OFAA389","article-title":"Lessons learned from the first 10 consecutive cases of intravenous bacteriophage therapy to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections at a single center in the United States.","volume":"7","author":"Aslam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. 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