{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T22:44:01Z","timestamp":1791585841542,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The green synthesis method was developed to manufacture of iron oxide nanoparticles using\n                    <jats:italic>Eucalyptus globulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. Identification of Prepared Nanoparticles the identity of synthesized nanoparticles was unequivocally determined as \u03b1-Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    (hematite) from XRD analysis showing the rhombohedral crystal structure (JCPDS No: 33-0664); earlier drafts inconsistently referred to preparation as Fe3O4 and this has been changed throughout this manuscript for consistency. SEM, EDX, FTIR XRD and DLS were used to characterize the morphology, composition and structure of the nanoparticles. Particles on the other hand, had quasi-spherical morphology as well as relatively low average diameters (10.84 \u00b1 5.22 nm) and high crystallinity. FTIR analysis validates the potential role of phytomolecules as capping and stabilizing agents. The photocatalytic experimental notation corrected: almost ~99% degradation of Rhodamine B dye under visible light irradiation (\u03bb \u2265 420 nm) in 340 min pseudo-first-order kinetics (\n                    <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0079 min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Antioxidant activity of HDPC using DCFH-DA assay: DCFH-DA assay for the measurement of intracellular ROS was performed on the different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 2 mg\/ml) of EPE which confirmed a concentration-dependent reduction of intracellular ROS in HDPC with ~70% reduction in fluorescence at the highest delivery rate (0.5 mg\/ml). The reduction in ROS observed was indicative of real antioxidant activity as cell viability (MTT assay) confirmed this effect to be non-cytotoxic. It exhibited pronounced antibacterial activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ATCC 6633), with\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    being the most sensitive strain. MIC values:\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.25 mg\/ml;\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.50 mg\/ml;\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.50 mg\/ml. The green Fe\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanoparticles exhibited multifunctional photocatalytic properties, as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activity, making them novel frontline agents for environmental remediation and biomedicine.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1871774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T05:36:03Z","timestamp":1784612163000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Eco-friendly synthesis of Fe2O3 nanoparticles using Eucalyptus globulus leaf extract with multifunctional photocatalytic, antioxidant and antibacterial activities"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Faiz","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Education","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noman","family":"Nazeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Okara","place":["Okara, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. M.","family":"Rekha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University)","place":["Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalaf F.","family":"Alsharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taif University","place":["Taif, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuad M.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taif University","place":["Taif, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid J.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taif University","place":["Taif, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Technology, CGC University","place":["Mohali, Punjab, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huseyn","family":"Imanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Natural Sciences and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Nakhchivan State University","place":["Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lalita","family":"Chopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University","place":["Mohali, Punjab, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irwanjot","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Sharda School of Engineering and Sciences, Sharda University","place":["Greater Noida, India"]},{"name":"Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University","place":["Rajpura, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadridin","family":"Eshkaraev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Termez University of Economics and Service","place":["Termez, Uzbekistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aseel","family":"Smerat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Al-Ahliyya Amman University","place":["Amman, Jordan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Sanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University of Medical Sciences","place":["Rawalpindi, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Zulfiqah","family":"Sadikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak","place":["Ipoh, Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoso.2024.101256","article-title":"Superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles capped with silver induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells via damaging DNA@ increasing ROS","volume":"39","author":"Abdulkadhim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano-Struct. 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