{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:16:36Z","timestamp":1786115796715,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006606","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019018","name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Initiative for Innovative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019018","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) continues to rise globally, highlighting the need for rapid, label-free, and cost-effective bacterial identification methods. In this proof-of-concept study, portable Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning was used to identify five clinically relevant bacterial species:\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Raman spectra were acquired from cultured, washed, PBS-resuspended, and OD-standardized bacterial suspensions. After SNIP baseline correction, binary and five-class classification models were constructed using Auto-Sklearn with eight algorithms: ADB, ET, GB, LDA, SVM, MLP, PA, and QDA. Model performance was evaluated using accuracy, precision, recall,\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      1-score, MCC, and ROC-AUC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pairwise binary classification showed variable performance among bacterial pairs. The best result was obtained for\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      versus\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with a testing accuracy of 98.3%, precision of 0.984, recall of 0.983,\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      1-score of 0.983, MCC of 0.967, and ROC-AUC of 1.000. Five-class classification was more limited, with LDA achieving the highest testing accuracy of 60.1%, MCC of 0.506, and ROC-AUC of 0.867.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support the feasibility of portable Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning for bacterial recognition under standardized sample conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1872435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T05:31:45Z","timestamp":1785994305000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Portable Raman spectroscopy combined with machine learning for rapid and label-free recognition of five pathogenic bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shisheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Tianjin, China"]},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Langdi","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College","place":["Tianjin, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2024.120020","article-title":"Metabolomics in the diagnosis of bacterial infections","volume":"565","author":"Ahmadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. 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