{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:55:16Z","timestamp":1791179716912,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Endometriosis (EM) is a multifactorial, estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease characterized by high clinical variability. Growing evidence is highlighting the role of gut microbiome dysbiosis in EM pathophysiology; however, associations between microbiome, symptom severity, and host genetics remain poorly characterized. Extra-oral taste receptor genes (TGs), expressed in both the gastrointestinal and female reproductive systems, may represent novel mediators of gut-reproductive tract axis crosstalk.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 50 women with surgically confirmed EM were deeply clinically characterized, including the evaluation of EM-symptoms and their severity. Microbiome profiles were obtained by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of rectal swabs. Genetic variants within four TGs (\n TAS2R3, TAS2R4, TAS2R5,<\/jats:italic>\n and\n TAS2R14<\/jats:italic>\n ) were assessed using SNP-array genotyping. Microbiome composition was investigated through the evaluation of alpha and beta diversity, as well as enterotype classification analyses. Associations between EM-related features, bacterial taxa and TG-SNPs were investigated using regression models.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Three distinct gut microbiome community types were identified, dominated by\n Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Escherichia\u2013Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n . While microbiome composition did not differ significantly across EM stages, beta diversity was associated with dysmenorrhea (R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u202f=\u202f0.13) and disease stage (R\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u202f=\u202f0.12). Regarding TGs, SNPs within\n TAS2R14<\/jats:italic>\n gene showed significant associations with alpha and beta diversity indices. Reduced abundance of short-chain fatty acid\u2013producing taxa, including members of the\n Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic>\n families, was associated with dysmenorrhea, whereas increased abundance of\n Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Mobiluncus<\/jats:italic>\n with dysuria and infertility, respectively. Finally, an increased premenstrual pain severity was associated with a reduced relative abundance of taxa within the order\n Burkholderiales<\/jats:italic>\n (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f\u22122.265) and the family\n Sutterellaceae<\/jats:italic>\n (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f\u22121.563); high postmenstrual pain severity was associated with a lower abundance of\n Bifidobacteriales<\/jats:italic>\n (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f\u22124.932) and\n Bifidobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u202f=\u202f\u22124.134).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n This case-only study elucidated the complex relationship between gut microbiome composition, EM-related symptoms, and host genetic variation. In particular, extra-oral taste receptor genes emerged as novel risk factors to host\u2013microbiome interactions, supporting their potential role in the microbiota-endometriosis axis and opening new perspectives on EM pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1873766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:32:38Z","timestamp":1791178358000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Connecting gut microbiome composition to symptom severity and host genetics in endometriosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe Giovanni","family":"Nardone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara Emily","family":"Rosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Santin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Spedicati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Cappellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Pina","family":"Concas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Zito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nunzia","family":"Zanotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Campisciano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manola","family":"Comar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Girotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS \u201cBurlo Garofolo\u201d","place":["Trieste, Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste","place":["Trieste, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112690","article-title":"Gut microbiota and obesity: a role for 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