{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T00:31:26Z","timestamp":1793233886452,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016350","name":"Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2026MS342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026MS342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aging is a progressive degenerative process of cellular and systemic homeostasis in organisms, with mitochondrial dysfunction and altered intercellular communication as core hallmarks of this process. During aging, the gut microbiome and mitochondria exhibit a highly synchronized degenerative trajectory: this is characterized by decreased microbial diversity, reduced abundance of beneficial short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, and expansion of pro-inflammatory pathobionts in the gut, alongside impaired oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and compromised quality control in mitochondria. Built on the evolutionary cornerstone of endosymbiotic theory, this review establishes a theoretical framework for the Microbiome-Mitochondria Axis (MMA) and proposes that the ancient molecular homology between mitochondria and modern gut bacteria has preserved a sensitive cross-species signal crosstalk mechanism. This review systematically dissects the bidirectional communication mechanisms of the MMA. First, microbial metabolites\u2014including SCFAs, tryptophan-derived indole metabolites, and secondary bile acids\u2014regulate mitochondrial energy metabolism, oxidative stress responses, and dynamic homeostasis via key signaling pathways such as AMPK-PGC-1\u03b1, AhR-Nrf2, and FXR\/TGR5. Conversely, dysfunctional mitochondria actively reshape the gut microenvironment and propagate sterile inflammation through multiple pathways: mitochondrial ROS (mtROS)-mediated intestinal barrier disruption, metabolic reprogramming of immune cells toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype, and activation of the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway triggered by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release. Here, we propose a unified theoretical framework centered on the MMA as a self-reinforcing pathological loop. In this model, gut dysbiosis drives depletion of beneficial microbial metabolites, which triggers mitochondrial quality control failure, mtDNA leakage, and inflammaging; in turn, inflammaging exacerbates gut dysbiosis by remodeling the intestinal microenvironment, thus forming a closed, self-amplifying vicious cycle. The MMA links multiple hallmarks of aging, including epigenetic alterations, immunosenescence, and stem cell exhaustion, providing a unifying pathological basis for age-related disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, sarcopenia, and osteoarthritis. It also offers a systematic entry point for anti-aging interventions targeting the bidirectional metabolic-immune crosstalk between the microbiome and mitochondria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1874222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:55:50Z","timestamp":1784699750000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Microbiome-Mitochondria Axis in aging: a self-reinforcing vicious cycle linking metabolic dysregulation, mitochondrial quality control failure, and inflammaging"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Enshuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gulin County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Luzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanhui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Sports Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Affiliated Sports Hospital of Chengdu Sport University","place":["Chengdu, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102657","article-title":"Beyond the Hayflick limit: how microbes influence cellular aging","volume":"104","author":"Abavisani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-023-00436-3","article-title":"Cholic and deoxycholic acids induce mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired biogenesis and autophagic flux in skeletal muscle cells","volume":"56","author":"Abrigo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00051","article-title":"Mitochondria: An integrative hub coordinating circadian rhythms, metabolism, the microbiome, and immunity","volume":"8","author":"Aguilar-L\u00f3pez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2505046122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2505046122","article-title":"Amyloid-beta glycation induces neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's pathogenesis via VDAC1-dependent mtDNA efflux","volume":"122","author":"Akhter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3509596","DOI":"10.1155\/omcl\/3509596","article-title":"Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) alleviates LPS-induced oxidative stress via the PPARalpha-NF-kappaB axis","volume":"2025","author":"AlAbduljader","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2607076","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2607076","article-title":"The role of gut microbiome in aging-associated diseases: where do we stand now and how technology will transform the future","volume":"18","author":"Aldriwesh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07392-4","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction acts as a modulator of the immunometabolic route for activating the cytosolic DNA sensor pathway in triggering innate immunosurveillance","volume":"23","author":"Algieri","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103128","article-title":"The impact of ageing on faecal short chain fatty acids levels in apparently healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"118","author":"Alqarni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01325-7","article-title":"Old mitochondria regulate niche renewal via \u03b1-ketoglutarate metabolism in stem cells","volume":"7","author":"Andersson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102451","article-title":"The metabolic and endocrine impact of diet-derived gut microbiota metabolites on ageing and longevity","volume":"100","author":"Araujo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01539-3","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplant from long-living Ames dwarf mice alters the microbial composition and biomarkers of liver health in normal mice","volume":"47","author":"Ashiqueali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107207","article-title":"Decreased circulating IPA levels identify subjects with metabolic comorbidities: a multi-omics study","volume":"204","author":"Ballanti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102689","article-title":"Bridging gap in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease via postbiotics: current practices and future prospects","volume":"105","author":"Bashir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.04.016","article-title":"Gut microbiota and extreme longevity","volume":"26","author":"Biagi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32787","article-title":"Combinatorial targeting of G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1 reveals a mechanistic role for bile acids and leukotrienes in drug-induced liver injury","volume":"78","author":"Biagioli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3390\/genes15121599","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15121599","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms in aging: extrinsic factors and gut microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Borrego-Ruiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.031","article-title":"STING regulates aging-related osteoporosis by mediating the Hk2-Vdac1 mitochondrial axis","volume":"225","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010004","article-title":"Butyrate improves neuroinflammation and mitochondrial impairment in cerebral cortex and synaptic fraction in an animal model of diet-induced obesity","volume":"12","author":"Cavaliere","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21583","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C700083200","article-title":"Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of Drp1 regulates its GTPase activity and mitochondrial morphology","volume":"282","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172001","article-title":"The silent threat: Nanopolystyrene and chrysene pollutants disrupt the intestinal mucosal barrier, new insights from juvenile Siniperca chuatsi","volume":"926","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-025-00517-1","article-title":"Immunosenescence in aging and neurodegenerative diseases: evidence, key hallmarks, and therapeutic implications","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10191-6","article-title":"Intestinal interoceptive dysfunction drives age-associated cognitive decline","volume":"652","author":"Cox","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107564","article-title":"Beyond metabolic messengers: bile acids and TGR5 as pharmacotherapeutic intervention for psychiatric disorders","volume":"211","author":"Darmanto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4195699","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4195699","article-title":"Mycophenolic acid induces the intestinal epithelial barrier damage through mitochondrial ROS","volume":"2022","author":"Deng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2420765","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2420765","article-title":"How important are fatty acids in human health and can they be used in treating diseases?","volume":"16","author":"Dicks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2023.11.018","article-title":"Aging and the emerging role of cellular senescence in osteoarthritis","volume":"32","author":"Diekman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14151221","article-title":"Age-related mitochondrial alterations contribute to myocardial responses during sepsis","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0343","DOI":"10.34133\/research.0343","article-title":"Fut2 deficiency promotes intestinal stem cell aging by damaging mitochondrial functions via Down-regulating \u03b11,2-Fucosylation of Asah2 and Npc1","volume":"7","author":"Duan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Research (Wash D C)"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3390\/ijms241310818","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310818","article-title":"Talk to me-interplay between mitochondria and microbiota in aging","volume":"24","author":"Endres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133219","article-title":"Ozone exposure affects corneal epithelial fate by promoting mtDNA leakage and cGAS\/STING activation","volume":"465","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2308742","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202308742","article-title":"PXR activation relieves Deoxynivalenol-induced liver oxidative stress via Malat1 LncRNA m(6)a demethylation","volume":"11","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1039\/d5fo04869a","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolites derived from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Y42 regulate the AhR\/Nrf2\/NF-kappaB axis to ameliorate colitis in mice","volume":"17","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.118997","article-title":"20(S\/R)-ginsenoside Rh1 improves type 2 diabetes via gut microbiota-modulated bile acid signaling and FXR\/TGR5-dependent GLP-1 enhancement","volume":"195","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-020-00238-5","article-title":"Butyrate protects against Salsolinol-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells: implication for Parkinson's disease","volume":"38","author":"Getachew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1126\/science.283.5407.1476","article-title":"Mitochondrial Evolution","volume":"283","author":"Gray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01166-w","article-title":"Role of the oral-gut microbiota axis in pancreatic cancer: a new perspective on tumor pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281011","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2281011","article-title":"Butyrate reduces adherent-invasive E. coli-evoked disruption of epithelial mitochondrial morphology and barrier function: involvement of free fatty acid receptor 3","volume":"15","author":"Hamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-024-2789-1","article-title":"Bacterial indole-3-propionic acid inhibits macrophage IL-1beta production through targeting methionine metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2024.05.009","article-title":"Chemoproteomic profiling of substrate specificity in gut microbiota-associated bile salt hydrolases","volume":"32","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393270","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2393270","article-title":"The interplay between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and implications for host health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Hays","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841x.2023.2262020","article-title":"Bile acid and its bidirectional interactions with gut microbiota: a review","volume":"50","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.05.015","article-title":"The functions of gut microbiota-mediated bile acid metabolism in intestinal immunity","volume":"80","author":"He","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3390\/antiox12091750","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12091750","article-title":"Patulin ameliorates hypertrophied lipid accumulation and lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response by modulating mitochondrial respiration","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104181","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial beta klotho is a critical protective factor in alcohol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and liver injury","volume":"82","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-022-04471-3","article-title":"5-Aminosalicylic acid ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice by modulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism","volume":"79","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35732-1","article-title":"Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics triggers muscle inflammation through interorganellar contacts and mitochondrial DNA mislocation","volume":"14","author":"Irazoki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.00263","article-title":"Examination of the dimensions of biological age","volume":"10","author":"Jazwinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2409209","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2409209","article-title":"The role of microbial indole metabolites in tumor","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-025-3014-6","article-title":"Christensenella tenuis alleviates endotoxemia and metabolic disorders via inhibition of intestinal lipopolysaccharide translocation","volume":"68","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.Nrr-d-24-01419","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota-mitochondria crosstalk in neurodegeneration: underlying mechanisms and potential therapies","volume":"21","author":"Ju","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3390\/ijms251910535","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910535","article-title":"Inflammaging and brain aging","volume":"25","author":"Jurcau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3390\/cells11244038","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11244038","article-title":"Role of endogenous lipopolysaccharides in neurological disorders","volume":"11","author":"Kalyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2024.111993","article-title":"The role of mitochondria in cytokine and chemokine signalling during ageing","volume":"222","author":"Kalykaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193156","article-title":"Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LM1001 supplementation attenuates muscle atrophy and function decline in aged mice","volume":"17","author":"Karekezi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9435","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209706200","article-title":"A G protein-coupled receptor responsive to bile acids","volume":"278","author":"Kawamata","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177562","article-title":"The mitochondria-gut microbiota crosstalk \u2013 a novel frontier in cardiovascular diseases","volume":"998","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1038\/s44319-025-00423-7","article-title":"Distinct pathogenic mutations in ARF1 allow dissection of its dual role in cGAS-STING signalling","volume":"26","author":"Lang","year":"2025","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-024-00482-9","article-title":"Age-related STING suppression in macrophages contributes to increased viral load during influenza a virus infection","volume":"21","author":"Lauf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1083\/jcb.202310134","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202310134","article-title":"Bacteria-organelle communication in physiology and disease","volume":"223","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-025-01396-6","article-title":"Microbial metabolite indole-3-propionic acid drives mitochondrial respiration in CD4(+) T cells to confer protection against intestinal inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648887","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1648887","article-title":"Glycolytic reprogramming during microglial polarization in neurological diseases","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2022.08.022","article-title":"Phosphoglycerate mutase 5 initiates inflammation in acute kidney injury by triggering mitochondrial DNA release by dephosphorylating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3745135","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3745135","article-title":"Sodium butyrate ameliorates oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelium barrier injury and mitochondrial damage through AMPK-Mitophagy pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733798","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1733798","article-title":"Chronic inflammation as a driving factor for sarcopenia: an update on pathophysiology and future therapeutic targets","volume":"17","author":"Liang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1731995","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1731995","article-title":"Immunometabolic reprogramming in sepsis: mechanisms, clinical endotypes, and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.115021","article-title":"Probiotics-sensing mechanism in neurons that initiates gut mitochondrial surveillance for pathogen defense","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2026.118487","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and barrier-protective effects of galacto-oligosaccharides and Limosilactobacillus reuteri M94: an in vitro microbiota-based assay","volume":"229","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16286","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c04526","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate alleviates staphylococcal enterotoxin A-induced intestinal barrier damage by regulating gut microbiota and inhibiting the TLR4-NF-kappaB\/MAPKs-NLRP3 inflammatory cascade","volume":"71","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","article-title":"Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe","volume":"186","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01070","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202501070","article-title":"Gut metabolite Indole-3-propionic acid regulates macrophage autophagy through PPT1 inhibiting aging-related myocardial fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-023-2595-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota and healthy longevity","volume":"67","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad276","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glad276","article-title":"Gut microbiota richness and diversity track with T cell aging in healthy adults","volume":"79","author":"Madison","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356278","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1356278","article-title":"Editorial: mitochondria at the nexus of metabolism, aging, and disease","volume":"11","author":"Mallilankaraman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752160","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2026.1752160","article-title":"The tight bond between Fanconi anemia and aging","volume":"7","author":"Mej\u00eda-Barrera","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-022-00902-0","article-title":"Redox regulation of the immune response","volume":"19","author":"Morris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox15020174","article-title":"The gut-extracellular vesicle-mitochondria axis in reproductive aging: antioxidant and anti-senescence mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Moustakli","year":"2026","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2299744","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of dietary intervention: based on the mechanism of a tryptophan derivative-indole propionic acid on metabolic disorders","volume":"65","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3390\/antiox12081616","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081616","article-title":"Peroxiredoxins play an important role in the regulation of immunity and aging in Drosophila","volume":"12","author":"Odnokoz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050524","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Onyango","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2024.1618","article-title":"A connection between the gut microbiome and epigenetic modification in age-related cancer: a narrative review","volume":"17","author":"Owens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142368","article-title":"Immp2l gene knockout induces granulosa cell senescence by activation of cGAS-STING pathway via TFAM-mediated mtDNA leakage","volume":"307","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17696","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c05217","article-title":"Tryptophan-rich diet improves high-fat diet-induced cognitive dysfunction and blood-brain barrier disruption in C57BL\/6 mice through FFAR3 activation","volume":"73","author":"Pan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108176","article-title":"Macrophage immunometabolism in inflammatory bowel diseases: from pathogenesis to therapy","volume":"238","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2024.06.010","article-title":"Antibiotic-driven dysbiosis in early life disrupts indole-3-propionic acid production and exacerbates allergic airway inflammation in adulthood","volume":"57","author":"Perdijk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3390\/cells11040675","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11040675","article-title":"Circulating mitochondrial DNA and inter-organelle contact sites in aging and associated conditions","volume":"11","author":"Picca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107434","article-title":"The potential role of mitochondria in the microbiota-gut-brain axis: implications for brain health","volume":"209","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-022-00145-3","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with biogenic selenium nanoparticles alleviate oxidative stress-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction","volume":"6","author":"Qiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70257","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.70257","article-title":"Defining microbiota-derived metabolite butyrate as a Senomorphic: therapeutic potential in the age-related T cell senescence","volume":"24","author":"Rees","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1039\/d4fo04890c","article-title":"Impact of astaxanthin on the capacity of gut microbiota to produce tryptophan catabolites","volume":"16","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3644318","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3644318","article-title":"Nrf2 deficiency attenuates testosterone efficiency in ameliorating mitochondrial function of the substantia Nigra in aged male mice","volume":"2022","author":"Ren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2023.115851","article-title":"Chemical exploration of TGR5 functional hot-spots: synthesis and structure-activity relationships of C7- and C23-substituted cholic acid derivatives","volume":"261","author":"Rosatelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3390\/ijms26178658","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178658","article-title":"The gut microbiome and Epigenomic reprogramming: mechanisms, interactions, and implications for human health and disease","volume":"26","author":"Rubas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110955","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i41.110955","article-title":"Growth differentiation factor 15 alters intestinal barrier and increases permeability: a new molecular target in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"31","author":"Ruiz-Malag\u00f3n","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(67)90079-3","article-title":"On the origin of mitosing cells","volume":"14","author":"Sagan","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70586","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.70586","article-title":"An update on bile acid-regulated Signalling in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated Steatotic liver disease","volume":"46","author":"Shi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825171","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.825171","article-title":"Amelioration of Endotoxemia by a synthetic analog of Omega-3 Epoxyeicosanoids","volume":"13","author":"Shikuma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2026.02.019","article-title":"TRIM25 triggers pyroptosis through mitochondrial DNA release in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"247","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102264","article-title":"Cardiovascular inflammaging: mechanisms, consequences, and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"6","author":"Spray","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152296","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites maintain gut and systemic homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934040","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.934040","article-title":"Macrophage polarization, metabolic reprogramming, and inflammatory effects in ischemic heart disease","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.01.017","article-title":"Loss of mucosal p32\/gC1qR\/HABP1 triggers energy deficiency and impairs goblet cell differentiation in ulcerative colitis","volume":"12","author":"S\u00fcnderhauf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2021.12.006","article-title":"Crosstalk between bile acid-activated receptors and microbiome in entero-hepatic inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Thibaut","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14101","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14101","article-title":"Alterations of the gut microbiome are associated with epigenetic age acceleration and physical fitness","volume":"23","author":"Torma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3390\/cells14030222","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14030222","article-title":"Update of aging hallmarks in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"14","author":"Torres-Machorro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e172978","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.172978","article-title":"STARD7 maintains intestinal epithelial mitochondria architecture, barrier integrity, and protection from colitis","volume":"9","author":"Uddin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.06.013","article-title":"Mitochondrial perturbation in the intestine causes microbiota-dependent injury and gene signatures discriminative of inflammatory disease","volume":"32","author":"Urbauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602814","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.602814","article-title":"Mitochondrial metabolism in the intestinal stem cell niche-sensing and signaling in health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Urbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02068-0","article-title":"TGR5 signalling promotes mitochondrial fission and beige remodelling of white adipose tissue","volume":"9","author":"Velazquez-Villegas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-02078-7","article-title":"Microbiota-derived indole-3-propionic acid extends lifespan in Drosophila and improves muscle and bone health in mice","volume":"48","author":"Vyavahare","year":"2026","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2025.1444","article-title":"New perspectives on gastric Inflammaging: integrating multi-omics mechanisms and Gerotherapeutic strategies in chronic gastritis","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2024.127865","article-title":"Exploring the role of a novel postbiotic bile acid: interplay with gut microbiota, modulation of the farnesoid X receptor, and prospects for clinical translation","volume":"287","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14309","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14309","article-title":"Aging-associated atrial fibrillation: a comprehensive review focusing on the potential mechanisms","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644681","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2026.2644681","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolic reprogramming drives the development of metabolic diseases in the host","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.123.322381","article-title":"Indole-3-propionic acid protects against heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"134","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105403","article-title":"Mitochondria of intestinal epithelial cells in depression: are they at a crossroads of gut-brain communication?","volume":"153","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2518338","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2518338","article-title":"Gut microbial Nordihydroguaiaretic acid suppresses macrophage pyroptosis to regulate epithelial homeostasis and inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03072-0","article-title":"Metformin normalizes mitochondrial function to delay astrocyte senescence in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease through Mfn2-cGAS signaling","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574887","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1574887","article-title":"Gut microbiota-mitochondrial crosstalk in obesity: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic strategies with traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1097\/hc9.0000000000000707","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000707","article-title":"Changes in the FXR-cistrome and alterations in bile acid physiology in Wilson disease","volume":"9","author":"Wooton-Kee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2024.189249","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA-activated cGAS-STING pathway in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"1880","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.06.007","article-title":"Oxidized DNA fragments exit mitochondria via mPTP- and VDAC-dependent channels to activate NLRP3 inflammasome and interferon signaling","volume":"55","author":"Xian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.03.005","article-title":"Achieving healthy aging through gut microbiota-directed dietary intervention: focusing on microbial biomarkers and host mechanisms","volume":"68","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1039\/d4fo03783a","article-title":"The mechanism of action of indole-3-propionic acid on bone metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-01046-w","article-title":"Mitochondrial damage and activation of the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS-STING pathway lead to cardiac pyroptosis and hypertrophy in diabetic cardiomyopathy mice","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2026.03.048","article-title":"Mitochondria orchestrated immune microenvironment and response in health and disease-clinically relevant outlook and recommendations","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.206314","article-title":"Lactobacillus amylovorus KU4 inhibits adipocyte senescence in aged mice through necdin regulation of p53 activity","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00458-9","article-title":"The essential roles of FXR in diet and age influenced metabolic changes and liver disease development: a multi-omics study","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44808-z","article-title":"NAD(+) dependent UPR(mt) activation underlies intestinal aging caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2570001","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2570001","article-title":"Mycobacterial ESAT-6 triggers cGAS-STING pathway via the GSDMD-NT dependent mitochondria dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56884","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.4c14291","article-title":"Multifunctional MnGA Nanozymes for the treatment of ulcerative colitis by reducing intestinal inflammation and regulating the intestinal Flora","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428242","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1428242","article-title":"The interplay between mitochondria, the gut microbiome and metabolites and their therapeutic potential in primary mitochondrial disease","volume":"15","author":"Zachos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2142194","article-title":"Recent advances in developing butyrogenic functional foods to promote gut health","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c09878","article-title":"Dietary methionine restriction alleviates cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease mice via sex-dependent modulation on gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolism: a multiomics analysis","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1097\/hc9.0000000000000484","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000484","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites in MASLD: implications of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114291","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol triggers porcine intestinal tight junction disorder: insights from mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy","volume":"248","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106530","article-title":"The role of microbiota-mitochondria crosstalk in pathogenesis and therapy of intestinal diseases","volume":"186","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.142276","article-title":"Salidroside attenuates NASH through regulating bile acid-FXR\/TGR5 signaling pathway via targeting gut microbiota","volume":"307","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00770-z","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA leakage exacerbates odontoblast inflammation through gasdermin D-mediated pyroptosis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759421","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.759421","article-title":"TGR5 activation ameliorates mitochondrial homeostasis via regulating the PKC\u03b4\/Drp1-HK2 signaling in diabetic retinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01663-z","article-title":"GSDMD promotes neutrophil extracellular traps via mtDNA-cGAS-STING pathway during lung ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2025.07.015","article-title":"Impact of micro- and nanoplastics on gastrointestinal diseases: recent advances","volume":"139","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.3390\/antiox10121917","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121917","article-title":"ROS-induced mtDNA release: the emerging messenger for communication between neurons and innate immune cells during neurodegenerative disorder progression","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775526","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.775526","article-title":"The gut-liver Axis in health and disease: the role of gut microbiota-derived signals in liver injury and regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.156620","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism in macrophages for cardiovascular disease: a review","volume":"140","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30289","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c09572","article-title":"Probiotics ameliorate aging-related cognitive impairments and pathological changes through alleviating telomere attrition and enhancing mitochondrial function in senescence-accelerated mouse prone 8 mice","volume":"73","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvae238","article-title":"PINK1-mediated mitophagy attenuates pathological cardiac hypertrophy by suppressing the mtDNA release-activated cGAS-STING pathway","volume":"121","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c13667","article-title":"Pathogenesis of bovine mastitis and influence of the gut microbiota: a review","volume":"74","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1874222\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T05:55:52Z","timestamp":1784699752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1874222\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":147,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1874222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1874222","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"article-number":"1874222"}}