{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:10:45Z","timestamp":1788952245869,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Consortia of archaea and partner bacteria couple the anaerobic oxidation of alkanes to sulfate reduction. While the catabolic pathways in anaerobic alkane-oxidizing archaea (ANKA) have been extensively studied, their anabolic capacities remain poorly understood. Here, we examined nine enrichment cultures dominated by ANKA and their partner bacteria for small-molecular compounds using solvent extraction and gas chromatographic analysis of derivatized extracts. All alkane-degrading cultures contained substantial amounts of disaccharides in their metabolite pools. Cold-adapted methane-oxidizing cultures dominated by ANME-2c and Seep-SRB2 contained up to 1.5\u202fmg of trehalose per mg soluble protein. Trehalose was also abundant in ethane-oxidizing cultures of\n                    <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ethanoperedens and its distinct partner SRBs, accounting for up to 75% of the extracted metabolites. In contrast, thermophilic ANKA cultures dominated by ANME-1 or\n                    <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Syntropharchaeum and\n                    <jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    Desulfofervidus contained an abundant as-yet-unidentified hexose-containing disaccharide. Metagenomic analysis revealed widespread trehalose metabolism genes among partner\n                    <jats:italic>Desulfobacterota<\/jats:italic>\n                    and in ANME-2c and\n                    <jats:italic>Ca.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ethanoperedens, but lower potential in ANME-1 and\n                    <jats:italic>Ca.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Syntropharchaeum, consistent with metabolite profiles. When exogenous trehalose was added to a thermophilic ethane-oxidizing enrichment, we observed rapid metabolization by heterotrophic microorganisms but poor assimilation by the\n                    <jats:italic>Ca.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ethanoperedens\/\n                    <jats:italic>Ca.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Desulfofervidus core community, indicating that ANKA\/SRB consortia do not consume externally supplied trehalose. Instead,\n                    <jats:italic>Ca.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Ethanoperedens\/\n                    <jats:italic>Ca.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Desulfofervidus, as well as other ANKA\/SRB consortia, may use the disaccharides as energy-storage molecules, osmolytes, or components of the extracellular matrix. The disaccharides produced by the consortia also sustain ancillary heterotrophs, thereby linking alkane oxidation to broader sedimentary carbon cycling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1877669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:18:10Z","timestamp":1788949090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alkane-oxidizing consortia produce substantial amounts of disaccharides"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Stian","family":"Torset","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology","place":["Bremen, Germany"]},{"name":"Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Center for Polar and Marine Research","place":["Bremerhaven, Germany"]},{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen","place":["Bremen, Germany"]},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University","place":["Nijmegen, Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Stock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen","place":["Bremen, Germany"]},{"name":"MARUM, Center of Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen","place":["Bremen, Germany"]},{"name":"ICBM, Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg","place":["Oldenburg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Elvert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen","place":["Bremen, Germany"]},{"name":"MARUM, Center of Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen","place":["Bremen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Liebeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology","place":["Bremen, Germany"]},{"name":"Department for Metabolomics, Faculty of Agriculture and Nutrition, University of Kiel","place":["Kiel, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunter","family":"Wegener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology","place":["Bremen, Germany"]},{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen","place":["Bremen, Germany"]},{"name":"MARUM, Center of Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen","place":["Bremen, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg9739","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIADV.ABG9739","article-title":"Biogenic formation of amorphous carbon by anaerobic methanotrophs and select methanogens","volume":"7","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. 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