{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T07:45:21Z","timestamp":1785743121384,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    With the rising prevalence of vector-borne diseases and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, alternative vector control strategies are urgently needed. Fungal entomopathogens offer a promising approach with a decreased likelihood of resistance development in mosquito populations. However, the mechanisms by which each fungus contributes to host mortality remain poorly understood, and the potential role of microbiome disruption as a secondary pathogenic mechanism has received limited attention. We evaluated the impact of four entomopathogenic fungal species (\n                    <jats:italic>Beauveria bassiana, Cordyceps javanica, C. cateniannulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>C. amoenerosea<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) on the microbiome of the yellow fever mosquito (\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) colonized with a defined, field-derived bacterial community. Whole-body bacterial communities were profiled using high throughput 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, and community structure was assessed through alpha diversity metrics, beta diversity analysis, hierarchical clustering, and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). All four fungal species successfully infected the mosquito; however, their effects on the mosquito microbiome were species-specific.\n                    <jats:italic>Cordyceps javanica<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>C. cateniannulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    reduced community evenness without significantly affecting species richness, a pattern consistent with a dominance-driven dysbiosis rather than broad bacterial loss. Infections by\n                    <jats:italic>C. amoenerosea<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly increased total bacterial load and drove strong enrichment of the opportunistic genus\n                    <jats:italic>Pandoraea<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting epithelial disruption or immune dysregulation as possible contributing factors. Beta diversity analysis indicated partial community-level restructuring across all fungal infections.\n                    <jats:italic>B. bassiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed a distinct genus-level compositional response, with enrichment of core symbiotic taxa and depletion of\n                    <jats:italic>Chryseobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Kluyvera<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which was different from the Enterobacteriaceae-dominated shifts seen across infections with Cordyceps species. LEfSe analysis identified\n                    <jats:italic>Kluyvera<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the strongest genus-level discriminators of infection state, suggesting potential utility as microbiome-based indicators of successful fungal colonization. These key findings were independently validated using EdgeR and batch-corrected MaAsLin2 analyses, with\n                    <jats:italic>Pandoraea<\/jats:italic>\n                    enrichment under\n                    <jats:italic>C. amoenerosea<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Burkholderia<\/jats:italic>\n                    depletion under\n                    <jats:italic>C. cateniannulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    confirmed by both methods. Taken together, these results show that entomopathogenic fungi restructure the\n                    <jats:italic>Ae. aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    microbiome in a species-specific manner, inducing community destabilization and opportunistic bacterial enrichment that likely contribute to the detrimental effects of fungal infection. These results provide a mechanistic insights for the selection and development of fungal biopesticides for mosquito control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1879658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T06:54:41Z","timestamp":1785740081000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cordyceps and Beauveria infections drive species-specific microbiome dysbiosis in the mosquito Aedes aegypti"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Everett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Bradley University","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haley M.","family":"Gore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swaksha","family":"Kallepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, Bradley University","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin R.","family":"Duffield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Flor-Weiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Bradley University","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Luis","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USDA-ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop BioProtection Research Unit","place":["Peoria, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2024.107213","article-title":"Microbiome profile of South Korean vector mosquitoes","volume":"255","author":"Akintola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2021.12.011","article-title":"Tripartite interactions: how immunity, microbiota and pathogens interact and affect pathogen virulence evolution","volume":"50","author":"Armitage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3982","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5947","article-title":"Temporospatial modulation of Lymantria dispar immune system against an entomopathogenic fungal infection","volume":"76","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.12697","article-title":"What do we know about biological nitrogen fixation in insects? Evidence and implications for the insect and the ecosystem","volume":"27","author":"Bar-Shmuel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insect Sci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002742","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002742","article-title":"Midgut microbiota of the malaria mosquito vector anopheles gambiae and interactions with plasmodium falciparum infection","volume":"8","author":"Boissi\u00e8re","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9089-z","article-title":"Microbiota in insect fungal pathology","volume":"102","author":"Boucias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B7","first-page":"307","article-title":"\u201cChapter Nine - Entomopathogenic fungi: new insights into host\u2013pathogen interactions,\u201d","volume-title":"Advances in Genetics","author":"Butt","year":"2016"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01073-2","article-title":"The microbiome and mosquito vectorial capacity: rich potential for discovery and translation","volume":"9","author":"Cansado-Utrilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.19045\/bspab.2019.80184","article-title":"2. Mosquito control methods and their limitations","volume":"8","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Biol. (PAB)"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061079","article-title":"Elizabethkingia anophelis MSU001 isolated from anopheles stephensi: molecular characterization and comparative genome analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8987.2","article-title":"From reads to genes to pathways: differential expression analysis of RNA-Seq experiments using Rsubread and the edgeR quasi-likelihood pipeline [version 2; peer review: 5 approved]","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-50-2-887","article-title":"Description of Pandoraea gen. nov. with Pandoraea apista sp. nov., Pandoraea pulmonicola sp. nov., Pandoraea pnomenusa sp. nov., Pandoraea sputorum sp. nov. and Pandoraea norimbergensis comb. nov","volume":"50","author":"Coenye","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. System. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1660-9","article-title":"Gut bacteria differentially affect egg production in the anautogenous mosquito Aedes aegypti and facultatively autogenous mosquito Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"9","author":"Coon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12771","article-title":"Mosquitoes rely on their gut microbiota for development","volume":"23","author":"Coon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504354","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.504354","article-title":"The challenges of microbial control of mosquito-borne diseases due to the gut microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Dacey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Genetics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41429-020-00367-1","article-title":"Chryseobacterium antibioticum sp. nov. with antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria, isolated from Arctic soil","volume":"74","author":"Dahal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antibiotics"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03792","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03792-23","article-title":"Recombinant Beauveria bassiana expressing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cyt1Aa: a promising approach for enhancing Aedes mosquito control","volume":"12","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1700585","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1700585","article-title":"Carryover effects of larval exposure to different environmental bacteria drive adult trait variation in a mosquito vector","volume":"3","author":"Dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-384890-1.00015-7","article-title":"\u201cGenetics of Major Insect Vectors\u201d","author":"Dorn","year":"2011"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-814545-6.00011-0","article-title":"\u201cChapter 11 - Mosquito-borne Diseases,\u201d","volume-title":"Mosquitoes, Communities, and Public Health in Texas","author":"Duguma","year":"2020"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1616543114","article-title":"Regulatory cascade and biological activity of Beauveria bassiana oosporein that limits bacterial growth after host death","volume":"114","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630438","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.630438","article-title":"Mosquito trilogy: microbiota, immunity and pathogens, and their implications for the control of disease transmission","volume":"12","author":"Gabrieli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05401-9","article-title":"Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus microbiome\/virome: new strategies for controlling arboviral transmission?","volume":"15","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115383","article-title":"Nicotine perturbs the microbiota of brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens st\u00e5l Hemiptera: Delphinidae)","volume":"264","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E11951","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809349115","article-title":"Microbiome interactions shape host fitness","volume":"115","author":"Gould","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0435-2","article-title":"The mosquito holobiont: fresh insight into mosquito-microbiota interactions","volume":"6","author":"Gu\u00e9gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02160","article-title":"Microbiome interaction networks and community structure from laboratory-reared and field-collected Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito vectors","volume":"9","author":"Hegde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.08.011","article-title":"The microbiome modulates arbovirus transmission in mosquitoes","volume":"15","author":"Hegde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2015.12.006","article-title":"Insect immunology and hematopoiesis","volume":"58","author":"Hillyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01492","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01492-17","article-title":"Dysbiosis and its discontents","volume":"8","author":"Hooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf8141","article-title":"Delftia tsuruhatensis TC1 symbiont suppresses malaria transmission by anopheline mosquitoes","volume":"381","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-012-0610-8","article-title":"Evolution of the \u03b2GRP\/GNBP\/\u03b2-1,3-glucanase family of insects","volume":"64","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2008.02.017","article-title":"Evolution of entomopathogenicity in fungi","volume":"98","author":"Humber","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5705","DOI":"10.3390\/v7112903","article-title":"The impact of wolbachia on virus infection in mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21218","article-title":"Symbiotic factors in burkholderia essential for establishing an association with the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris","volume":"88","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.0806.360","article-title":"Identification of an entomopathogenic bacterium, Serratia sp. ANU101, and its hemolytic activity","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01940","article-title":"Genome of Ca. Pandoraea novymonadis, an endosymbiotic bacterium of the Trypanosomatid Novymonas esmeraldas","volume":"8","author":"Kostygov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4204","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.169227","article-title":"Microbiome symbionts and diet diversity incur costs on the immune system of insect larvae","volume":"220","author":"Krams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823355-9.00024-9","article-title":"\u201cChapter 21 - Microbial biopesticides for sustainable agricultural practices,\u201d","volume-title":"Biopesticides","author":"Kumari","year":"2022"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31722","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31722","article-title":"Immune tolerance to an intestine-adapted bacteria, Chryseobacterium sp., injected into the hemocoel of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01928-4","article-title":"An iron-binding protein of entomopathogenic fungus suppresses the proliferation of host symbiotic bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170547","article-title":"Microplastics affect mosquito from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles and are transferred to mammals through mosquito bites","volume":"917","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Tot. Environ."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21749","DOI":"10.1002\/arch.21749","article-title":"Comparison of gut microbiota of healthy and diseased walking sticks, Phasmotaenia lanyuhensis","volume":"105","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9050575","article-title":"Interactions between entomopathogenic fungi and insects and prospects with glycans","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2023.107976","article-title":"Investigation of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) gut microbiome and entomopathogenic fungus-induced pathobiome","volume":"200","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009442","article-title":"Multivariable association discovery in population-scale meta-omics studies","volume":"17","author":"Mallick","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650743","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.650743","article-title":"Diet-microbiota interactions alter mosquito development","volume":"12","author":"Martinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb226662","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.226662","article-title":"Friend or foe? Effects of host immune activation on the gut microbiome in the caterpillar Manduca sexta","volume":"223","author":"McMillan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3390\/insects13121093","article-title":"Chemical control of mosquitoes and the pesticide treadmill: a case for photosensitive insecticides as Larvicides","volume":"13","author":"Meier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-05790-5","article-title":"Entomopathogenic fungus treatment changes the gut bacterial diversity of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks","volume":"16","author":"Mesquita","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155520","article-title":"A potential network structure of symbiotic bacteria involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism of wood-utilizing insect larvae","volume":"836","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-309","article-title":"Infection of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, with two species of entomopathogenic fungi: effects of concentration, co-formulation, exposure time and persistence","volume":"8","author":"Mnyone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3036-9","article-title":"Mosquito microbiota cluster by host sampling location","volume":"11","author":"Muturi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005377","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005377","article-title":"Comparative analysis of gut microbiota of mosquito communities in central Illinois","volume":"11","author":"Muturi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"83","article-title":"\u201cChapter three - The melanization response in insect immunity,\u201d","volume-title":"Advances in Insect Physiology","author":"Nakhleh","year":"2017"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72201-9","article-title":"Mitogenomic profiling and gut microbial analysis of the newly identified polystyrene-consuming lesser mealworm in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Ndotono","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-07191-9","article-title":"Immune challenge reduces gut microbial diversity and triggers fertility-dependent gene expression changes in a social insect","volume":"21","author":"Negroni","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1570-7458.2006.00382.x","article-title":"Diurnal pattern of death and sporulation in Entomophaga maimaiga-infected Lymantria dispar","volume":"118","author":"Nielsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Entomol. Exp. Appl."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-004-0008-7","article-title":"Mosquito-borne diseases as a consequence of land use change","volume":"1","author":"Norris","year":"2004","journal-title":"EcoHealth"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-020-01567-w","article-title":"A neurotoxic insecticide promotes fungal infection in Aedes aegypti Larvae by altering the bacterial community","volume":"81","author":"Noskov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819304-4.00011-7","article-title":"\u201cChapter 11 - Biological control of plant pests by endophytic microorganisms,\u201d","volume-title":"Natural Remedies for Pest, Disease and Weed Control","author":"Ogodo","year":"2020"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1603\/EN10309","article-title":"Gut microbiota in nymph and adults of the giant mesquite bug (Thasus neocalifornicus) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) is dominated by Burkholderia acquired de novo every generation","volume":"40","author":"Olivier-Espejel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14030221","article-title":"Mosquito-borne diseases and their control strategies: an overview focused on green synthesized plant-based metallic nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Onen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3390\/insects15090722","article-title":"Host species affects gut microbial community and offspring developmental performances in the pupal parasitoid Chouioia cunea Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9090906","article-title":"Reconstruction of gut bacteria in Spodoptera frugiperda infected by Beauveria bassiana affects the survival of host pest","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12717","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-5967.12717","article-title":"A review of entomopathogenic fungi as a potential tool for mosquito vector control: a cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach","volume":"54","author":"Perumal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Entomol. Res."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-008-9830-3","article-title":"Isolation of ergosterol peroxide from Nomuraea rileyi infected larvae of tobacco cutworm","volume":"24","author":"Prompiboon","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3390\/jof9070746","article-title":"Recent advancements in pathogenic mechanisms, applications and strategies for entomopathogenic fungi in mosquito biocontrol","volume":"9","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006433","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006433","article-title":"Entomopathogenic fungal infection leads to temporospatial modulation of the mosquito immune system","volume":"12","author":"Ramirez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1062383","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1062383","article-title":"Multiple mosquito AMPs are needed to potentiate their antifungal effect against entomopathogenic fungi","volume":"13","author":"Ramirez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2018.12.010","article-title":"The Aedes aegypti IMD pathway is a critical component of the mosquito antifungal immune response","volume":"95","author":"Ramirez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00465","article-title":"Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) modulates mosquito resistance to fungal entomopathogens in a fungal-strain specific manner","volume":"9","author":"Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009984","article-title":"Impacts of fungal entomopathogens on survival and immune responses of Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens mosquitoes in the context of native Wolbachia infections","volume":"15","author":"Ramirez","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1561","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001561","article-title":"Reciprocal tripartite interactions between the Aedes aegypti midgut microbiota, innate immune system and dengue virus influences vector competence","volume":"6","author":"Ramirez","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04900-5","article-title":"Diversity of midgut bacteria in larvae and females of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from Gampaha District, Sri Lanka","volume":"14","author":"Ranasinghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2024.105287","article-title":"The molecular toll pathway repertoire in anopheline mosquitoes","volume":"162","author":"Rhodes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp616","article-title":"edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data","volume":"26","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-805350-8.00006-4","article-title":"\u201cChapter 6 - The mosquito immune system and its interactions with the microbiota: implications for disease transmission,\u201d","volume-title":"Arthropod Vector: Controller of Disease Transmission","author":"Rodgers","year":"2017"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10020164","article-title":"A new perspective of pseudomonas\u2014host interactions: distribution and potential ecological functions of the genus pseudomonas within the Bark Beetle Holobiont","volume":"10","author":"Saati-Santamar\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-73507-4_15","article-title":"\u201cBiopesticides: microbes for agricultural sustainability,\u201d","volume-title":"Soil Microbiomes for Sustainable Agriculture: Functional Annotation","author":"Salimi","year":"2021"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/OAIP.S68850","article-title":"Entomopathogenic organisms: conceptual advances and real-world applications for mosquito biological control","volume":"6","author":"Samuels R","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Access Insect Physiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-005-5737-1","article-title":"Host plant influences pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana to Bemisia tabaci and its sporulation on cadavers","volume":"51","author":"Santiago-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biocontrol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsle.2004.09.005","article-title":"Ocurrence of the antibiotic producing bacterium Burkholderia sp. in colonies of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa","volume":"239","author":"Santos","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.04.011","article-title":"Infection of adult Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae","volume":"102","author":"Scholte","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02036","article-title":"Aedes spp. and their microbiota: a review","volume":"10","author":"Scolari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005813","article-title":"Chryseobacterium oryctis sp. nov., isolated from the gut of the beetle Oryctes rhinoceros, and Chryseobacterium kimseyorum sp. nov., isolated from a stick insect rearing cage","author":"Shelomi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. System. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2019_173","article-title":"\u201cThe role of melanin in fungal pathogenesis for animal hosts,\u201d","volume-title":"Fungal Physiology and Immunopathogenesis","author":"Smith","year":"2019"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0614-4","article-title":"Site-specific programming of the host epithelial transcriptome by the gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Sommer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006899","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006899","article-title":"PGRP-LD mediates A. stephensi vector competency by regulating homeostasis of microbiota-induced peritrophic matrix synthesis","volume":"14","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Pathogens"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2019.103182","article-title":"Mosquito-fungus interactions and antifungal immunity","volume":"111","author":"Tawidian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820526-6.00016-6","article-title":"\u201cChapter 15 - Microbial biopesticides: current status and advancement for sustainable agriculture and environment,\u201d","volume-title":"New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering","author":"Thakur","year":"2020"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2020.103964","article-title":"Mosquito antiviral immune pathways","volume":"116","author":"Tikhe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00371","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00371-23","article-title":"A sporulation-independent way of life for Bacillus thuringiensis in the late stages of an infection","volume":"14","author":"Toukabri","year":"2023","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006638","article-title":"Both living bacteria and eukaryotes in the mosquito gut promote growth of larvae","volume":"12","author":"Valzania","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005273","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005273","article-title":"Transcriptome sequencing reveals large-scale changes in Axenic Aedes aegypti Larvae","volume":"11","author":"Vogel","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01538-6","article-title":"An entomopathogenic fungus exploits its host humoral antibacterial immunity to minimize bacterial competition in the hemolymph","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14732","article-title":"Bacterial microbiota assemblage in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes and its impacts on larval development","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5994","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1703546114","article-title":"Insect pathogenic fungus interacts with the gut microbiota to accelerate mosquito mortality","volume":"114","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"P Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2021.02.007","article-title":"Mechanisms of nitrogen excretion in insects","volume":"47","author":"Weihrauch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2019.01.007","article-title":"Complement-like proteins TEP1, TEP3 and TEP4 are positive regulators of periostial hemocyte aggregation in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae","volume":"107","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03809","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03809-23","article-title":"Microbiome of lovebug (Plecia longiforceps) in Seoul, South Korea","volume":"12","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-023-01685-7","article-title":"Entomopathogenic fungal-derived metabolites alter innate immunity and gut microbiota in the migratory locust","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pest Sci."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-023-01436-7","article-title":"Holobiont perspectives on tripartite interactions among microbiota, mosquitoes, and pathogens","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.emcon.2024.100410","article-title":"A comprehensive review on environmental and human health impacts of chemical pesticide usage","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Contam."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1879658\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T06:54:44Z","timestamp":1785740084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1879658\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":105,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1879658"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1879658","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"article-number":"1879658"}}