{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:54:32Z","timestamp":1781848472200,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), important causes of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH). The highly polymorphic ORF-K1 region is commonly used for HHV-8 genotyping and phylogenetic analysis. We investigated the distribution of HHV-8 genotypes and their clinical correlates among PLWH diagnosed with KS or PEL in Salvador, Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between 2022 and 2025, biological specimens from PLWH with KS or PEL were prospectively collected, including skin biopsies, blood, pleural effusions, and serum samples. HHV-8 DNA was detected by real-time PCR, and positive samples underwent semi-nested PCR amplification and sequencing of the ORF-K1 region. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using Maximum Likelihood reconstruction with 602 reference HHV-8 K1 sequences obtained from GenBank. Clinical, virological, and immunological data were analyzed according to HHV-8 genotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      HHV-8 DNA was successfully sequenced in 14 of 19 samples. Phylogenetic analysis identified subtype C in 7\/14 (50.0%) cases, subtype B in 4\/14 (28.6%), and subtype A in 3\/14 (21.4%). Most participants were men who have sex with men (86.6%), with a median age of 34 years. Among 13 patients with available clinical data, eight (61.5%) presented with high-risk KS or PEL. Genotype A was detected in patients with aggressive disease manifestations, including visceral KS and PEL, whereas subtype C was predominantly associated with mucocutaneous disease. However, no statistically significant association was observed between genotype and disease severity (Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.4639). Phylogenetic reconstruction also identified a distinct cluster containing two previously reported A5 isolates that segregated from recognized HHV-8 subtypes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HHV-8 subtype C was the predominant genotype among PLWH with KS or PEL in Salvador, followed by subtypes B and A. Although limited by sample size, subtype A was observed only in patients with severe diseases, consistent with previous reports suggesting an association between subtype A and severe clinical presentations. The identification of a distinct phylogenetic branch expands current knowledge of HHV-8 genetic diversity and warrants further investigation. These findings improve understanding of HHV-8 molecular epidemiology and provide insights for future studies evaluating genotype-phenotype associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1883222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T05:46:10Z","timestamp":1781847970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HHV-8 genotypes and clinical features in Kaposi sarcoma and primary effusion lymphoma in people living with HIV in Salvador, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Carlos Frederico Lopes","family":"Benevides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bahiana de Infectologia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Stocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bahiana de Infectologia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"Centro de Forma\u00e7\u00e3o em Biologia Molecular Charles M\u00e9rieux (CFBMCM)","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sueli Moreno","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bahiana de Infectologia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Luz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bahiana de Infectologia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Brites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Pesquisa em Infectologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Professor Edgard Santos","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Bahiana de Infectologia","place":["Salvador, Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)90001-L","article-title":"Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma among persons with AIDS: a sexually transmitted infection?","volume":"335","author":"Beral","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3313-3316.2004","article-title":"Genotypic profile of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi\u2019s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) in urine","volume":"42","author":"Beyari","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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