{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T06:28:22Z","timestamp":1786429702802,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the diverse etiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) persists as a dominant pathogen in the Asia-Pacific region. This study characterizes the molecular epidemiological evolution of CVA16 in Fujian Province from 2010 to 2025 to understand its changing prevalence and genetic evolution.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed the temporal, spatial, and demographic distributions of CVA16-HFMD in Fujian Province from 2010 to 2025, and further investigated the phylogenetic characteristics via MEGA and BEAST software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 2010 to 2025, laboratory-confirmed CVA16 cases accounted for 25.96% of HFMD pathogen spectrum in Fujian, with periodic biennial fluctuations characterized by increases in even-numbered years and decreases in odd-numbered years and a post-2023 surged to &amp;gt;50%. CVA16 Cases peaked during spring\u2013summer, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.69:1, predominantly in children aged 1\u20133 years. Genetically, B1 subgenotype (cluster B1a-c) co-circulated. B1b dominated before 2018, gradually shifting to B1a thereafter, and to B1c (emerging in late 2023) after mid-2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings clarify the long-term distribution and genetic shifts of CVA16 in Fujian, identifying the emerging B1c as a major driver of recent outbreaks and providing a baseline for regional HFMD prevention and vaccine development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1893929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:40:24Z","timestamp":1786426824000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal dynamics and genotypic shift of Coxsackievirus A16 in Fujian, China, from 2010 to 2025"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linfeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mezige","family":"Qiesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University","place":["Fuzhou, Fujian, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2147","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2147","article-title":"Beyond polio: exploring non-polio enteroviruses, global health preparedness, and the \u201cDisease X\u201d paradigm","volume":"7","author":"Anjum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. 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