{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:00:17Z","timestamp":1790834417264,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agent of fowl typhoid, poses a persistent threat to poultry health and productivity, compounded by the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. Addressing the urgent need for effective alternatives, this study evaluated a multi-component complementary approach combining the phytocompound 4-hydroxycoumarin, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and Ajwain (\n                    <jats:italic>Trachyspermum ammi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) extract.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing, cytotoxicity, and concentration optimization, confirmed the potent antibacterial activity and favorable safety profiles of the tested components. Molecular docking identified a putative interaction between 4-hydroxycoumarin and Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 5 (CCL5). Analysis of the archived molecular dynamics trajectory, after correction for periodic boundary conditions, revealed substantial protein conformational deviation and increasing ligand displacement toward the end of the trajectory, with a loss of close protein\u2013ligand contact after approximately 40\u202fns. These findings support a predicted interaction but do not establish persistent ligand binding or a single predicted protein\u2013ligand association mode. In the chicken infection model, the combination treatments were associated with descriptively reduced clinical severity and differences in endpoint mortality. These\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    findings should be regarded as preliminary, descriptive, and exploratory proof-of-concept data, as mortality and clinical endpoint comparisons did not remain statistically significant after Holm correction. As 4-hydroxycoumarin was evaluated\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    only as a component of the combination formulations, the observed effects belong strictly to the tested combinations, and their individual contributions cannot be determined independently. Gene expression analyses further revealed a downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, providing exploratory evidence of immunomodulatory responses associated with the tested formulations. Together, these findings provide preliminary proof of concept for a multi-component approach against\n                    <jats:italic>S. gallinarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1894409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:40:31Z","timestamp":1790833231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A phytochemical\u2013nanotechnology platform exhibits complementary antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects in experimental fowl typhoid"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Afnan","family":"Saleem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science & Technology","place":["Pulwama, India"]},{"name":"Division of Animal Biotechnology, FVSC & AH, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baqia","family":"Farhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaawar","family":"Mir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Biotechnology, FVSC & AH, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasaduq","family":"Manzoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Biotechnology, FVSC & AH, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junaid","family":"Nazir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University","place":["Corvallis, OR, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheikh F.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Majeed","family":"Ganai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Nutrition, FVSC & AH, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabry M.","family":"Attia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minakshi","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences","place":["Hisar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Mudasir","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Biotechnology, FVSC & AH, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology","place":["Srinagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101584","article-title":"Essential oils and their nanoemulsions as green alternatives to antibiotics in poultry nutrition: a comprehensive review","volume":"101","author":"Abd El-Hack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. 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