{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:12:38Z","timestamp":1788502358402,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"\u00d6sterreichische Forschungsf\u00f6rderungsgesellschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The rise of antimicrobial resistance highlights the urgent need for new antibacterial agents, particularly from natural sources. In this study, 200 aqueous plant extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against six clinically relevant pathogens. The test organisms included:\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ATCC35401,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    DSM19882,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ser. Typhimurium ATCC14028,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    NCCB32030,\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    DSM20523 and\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    DSM2570. Three probiotic lactobacilli (\n                    <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus paracasei<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were used to differentiate pathogen-specific activity from broad-spectrum inhibition. Antimicrobial activities were initially assessed using the agar disk diffusion method, followed by broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for active plant extracts. Additionally, the effects on biofilm formation by\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium,\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and on swarming motility of\n                    <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Typhimurium, were evaluated. 21 extracts inhibited at least one pathogen in the disk diffusion assay. Defined MIC values were detected for 19 extracts, while only 5 demonstrated bactericidal activity. In addition to the known antibacterial plants\n                    <jats:italic>Allium sativum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Allium ursinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , previously unreported leaf extracts from\n                    <jats:italic>Castanea sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ribes \u00d7 nidigrolaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rubus laciniatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed promising activity against the tested pathogens. These extracts not only inhibited bacterial growth but also reduced biofilm formation and swarming motility of some pathogenic species at subinhibitory concentrations. Notably, no inhibition of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    growth was detected in the disk diffusion assay. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of aqueous plant extracts as sources of antimicrobial and anti-virulence activities and demonstrate the importance of pathogen-specific effects in the discovery of plant-derived antimicrobials.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1898345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:29:21Z","timestamp":1788499761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic high-content screening identifies plant-derived extracts targeting microbial growth, biofilms and swarming activity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Kirchsteiger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FFoQSI GmbH \u2013 Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation","place":["Wels, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Preinfalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FFoQSI GmbH \u2013 Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation","place":["Wels, Austria"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria","place":["Wels, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Klanert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FFoQSI GmbH \u2013 Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation","place":["Wels, Austria"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria","place":["Wels, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Kohberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FFoQSI GmbH \u2013 Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation","place":["Wels, Austria"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria","place":["Wels, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemens","family":"Schwarzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University","place":["Linz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Weghuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FFoQSI GmbH \u2013 Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation","place":["Wels, Austria"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria","place":["Wels, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Schwarzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FFoQSI GmbH \u2013 Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation","place":["Wels, Austria"]},{"name":"Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria","place":["Wels, Austria"]},{"name":"Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Johannes Kepler University","place":["Linz, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria","place":["Wels, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13100677","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus toxins: An update on their pathogenic properties and potential treatments.","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad-Mansour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects.","volume":"2","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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