{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:55:35Z","timestamp":1790920535684,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The global dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, particularly resistance to widely prescribed \u03b2-lactam antibiotics, is a critical public health threat worldwide. Aquatic ecosystems act as key reservoirs where antibiotic resistance genes accumulate and are transmitted between environmental bacteria and human pathogens within a One Health framework. To move beyond short-term observations and better understand these cross-sectoral dynamics, we conducted 5-year longitudinal surveillance using shotgun metagenomics across different seasons along the Han River, South Korea. Our analysis revealed a diverse repertoire of \u03b2-lactamases, predominantly belonging to Ambler classes A and D, which also accounted for most mobile \u03b2-lactamase genes and were enriched in densely populated downstream regions. Furthermore, \u03b2-lactamase genes exhibited clear seasonal fluctuations, with a pronounced winter surge in total and mobile \u03b2-lactamase gene abundances. We also identified a substantial fraction of novel variants, whose abundance and composition varied across spatial and seasonal gradients. Network analysis revealed that the genera\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    acted as primary hosts, with their mobile \u03b2-lactamase genes highly connected to multiple taxa, suggesting important roles in \u03b2-lactamase gene transmission. These findings suggest that preemptive management of aquatic \u03b2-lactamase genes is a fundamental strategy for mitigating future resistance crises within a One Health framework and provide critical evidence for identifying transmission pathways and tracking resistance evolution between natural and clinical environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1903212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:36:32Z","timestamp":1790919392000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term spatiotemporal dynamics of \u03b2-lactamase resistome in the Han River, South Korea"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Do-Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biotechnology and Center for Antibiotic Resistome, Chung-Ang University","place":["Anseong, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biotechnology and Center for Antibiotic Resistome, Chung-Ang University","place":["Anseong, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dae-Wi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University","place":["Jeonju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Sook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Administration, College of Health, Kongju National University","place":["Gongju, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Jun","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biotechnology and Center for Antibiotic Resistome, Chung-Ang University","place":["Anseong, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101095","article-title":"Molecular and clinical epidemiology of carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacterales in Fiji: A multicentre prospective observational study.","volume":"47","author":"Baleivanualala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. 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