{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T11:17:32Z","timestamp":1788347852464,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mangrove ecosystems are dynamic coastal environments that offer essential ecological services, socioeconomic benefits, and resilience against climate change. Central to their functionality there are complex microbial communities\u2014primarily bacteria and fungi\u2014that drive key biogeochemical processes such as organic matter decomposition, nitrogen fixation, carbon sequestration, and sulfur cycling. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on mangrove microbiomes, focusing on microbial taxonomic diversity, ecological roles, and environmental responsiveness. The effect of abiotic factors such as salinity, tidal regimes, vegetation type, and anthropogenic pressures on microbial community structure and function is also assessed. Key findings highlight the presence of both conserved microbial taxa across biogeographic regions and functional adaptations to local conditions, underscoring the global ecological significance of these microbial assemblages. Particular attention is given to microbe-mediated nutrient cycling, symbiotic plant\u2013microbe interactions, and microbial contributions to pollutant degradation, including microplastics and heavy metals. Additionally, recent advances in omics-based approaches have expanded our understanding of microbial functionality and unveiled promising avenues for biotechnological applications, such as enzyme production and bioactive compound discovery. The review also identifies critical knowledge gaps, including the need for long-term monitoring, methodological standardization, and integrated multi-omics frameworks. Overall, recognizing microbial communities as foundational components of mangrove health is essential for effective conservation, ecosystem restoration, and sustainable resource management in the face of accelerating global environmental change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1908615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:50:57Z","timestamp":1788346257000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mangrove microbiomes: diversity, ecological functions, and applications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Mu\u00f1oz Puebla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas del Ecuador","place":["Guayaquil, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Mindiola-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Nieto-Wigby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida","place":["Guayaquil, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan M.","family":"Cevallos-Cevallos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Centro de Investigaciones Biotecnol\u00f3gicas del Ecuador","place":["Guayaquil, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826301","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2026.1826301","article-title":"Microbial diversity and bioremediation potential in mangrove sediments\u2014a metagenomic analysis","volume":"17","author":"Akbar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10.1128\/msystems.00658-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00658-20","article-title":"Introducing the mangrove microbiome initiative: identifying microbial research priorities and approaches to better understand, protect, and rehabilitate mangrove ecosystems","volume":"5","author":"Allard","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00005650","article-title":"The role of bacteria in nutrient recycling in tropical mangrove and other coastal benthic ecosystems","volume":"285","author":"Alongi","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710970","DOI":"10.3389\/FFUNB.2026.1710970\/TEXT","article-title":"Metabarcoding insights into the fungal diversity and biotechnological potential of mangrove sediments in Ecuador\u2019s Reserva Ecol\u00f3gica Manglares Churute","volume":"7","author":"\u00c1lvarez-Montero","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.10.032","article-title":"Rhizosphere microbiome metagenomics of gray mangroves (Avicennia marina) in the Red Sea","volume":"576","author":"Alzubaidy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038600","article-title":"The microbiome of Brazilian mangrove sediments as revealed by metagenomics","volume":"7","author":"Andreote","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.18805\/IJAR.B-5228","article-title":"Isolation of phosphorus solubilizing Bacteria from mangrove Rhizospheric sediment and its potential application in aquaculture, Indian Journal of","volume":"58","author":"Aruna","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.09.043","article-title":"Screening of Bacillus strains isolated from mangrove ecosystems in peninsular Malaysia for microplastic degradation","volume":"231","author":"Auta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.11.036","article-title":"Growth kinetics and biodeterioration of polypropylene microplastics by Bacillus sp. and Rhodococcus sp. isolated from mangrove sediment","volume":"127","author":"Auta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168628","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2015.01478\/TEXT","article-title":"Potential activity, size, and structure of sulfate-reducing microbial communities in an exposed, grazed and a sheltered, non-grazed mangrove stand at the Red Sea coast","volume":"6","author":"Balk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12691\/JAEM-2-1-1","article-title":"Isolation and characterisation of Sulphur Oxidising Bacteria from mangrove soil of Mahanadi River Delta and their Sulphur Oxidising ability","volume":"2","author":"Behera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-020-04497-3","article-title":"Following the mangroves: diversification in the banded lampeye Aplocheilichthys spilauchen (Dum\u00e9ril, 1861) (Cyprinodontiformes: Procatopodidae) along the Atlantic coast of Africa","volume":"848","author":"Bragan\u00e7a","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3657","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14153657","article-title":"Global mangrove extent change 1996\u20132020: global mangrove watch version 3.0","volume":"14","author":"Bunting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/JOF7060455","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds from Mangrove Endophytic Fungus and Their Uses for Microorganism Control","volume":"7","author":"Cadamuro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fungi (Basel)."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814322119_0039","article-title":"Influence of the heavy metals on chitosan production by Absidia corymbifera UCP 0134","author":"Cardoso","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31683-0","article-title":"Impact of mangrove forests degradation on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning","volume":"8","author":"Carugati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.15381\/rpb.v12i2.2406","article-title":"Diversidad flor\u00edstica y conservaci\u00f3n del Santuario Regional de Piura Manglares San Pedro de Vice-Sechura","volume":"12","author":"Charcape-Ravelo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Rev. Peru. Biol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32529-5","article-title":"Community structure, dynamics and interactions of Bacteria, Archaea and Fungi in subtropical coastal wetland sediments","volume":"8","author":"Cheung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7293","DOI":"10.7717\/PEERJ.7293\/SUPP-1","article-title":"A highly diverse fungal community associated with leaves of the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius var. xiamenensis revealed by isolation and metabarcoding analyses","volume":"2019","author":"Chi","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822012000300044","article-title":"Diversity of leaf endophytic fungi in mangrove plants of Northeast Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Costa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12113","article-title":"The microbial efficiency-matrix stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?","volume":"19","author":"Cotrufo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2020.108076","article-title":"Nitrogen addition alters composition, diversity, and functioning of microbial communities in mangrove soils: an incubation experiment","volume":"153","author":"Craig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2478\/sg-2023-0015","article-title":"Genomic DNA extraction and phenolic content of salty and tannic plant material of two mangrove tree species from the mexican pacific coast","volume":"72","author":"Cunill-Flores","year":"2023","journal-title":"Silvae Genetica"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.3390\/MICROORGANISMS11061389","article-title":"Effects of degradation on microbial communities of an Amazonian mangrove","volume":"11","author":"da Costa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref96","volume-title":"Optimization of DNA isolation and RAPD-PCR protocol of Acanthus volubilis wall., a rare mangrove plant from Indian Sundarban, for conservation concern. Eur. J. Exp. Biol. 3, 33\u201338. Available online at:","author":"Das","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4784","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89418-x","article-title":"Exploring microbial players for metagenomic profiling of carbon cycling bacteria in sundarban mangrove soils","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2023.126439","article-title":"Describing difficult-to-culture bacteria: taking a shortcut or investing time to discover something new?","volume":"46","author":"Dedysh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0221543","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0221543","article-title":"Insights on aquatic microbiome of the Indian Sundarbans mangrove areas","volume":"15","author":"Dhal","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Mangroves and Seagrasses, The Great Barrier Reef: Biology, Environment and Management","author":"Duke","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1126\/science.317.5834.41b","article-title":"A world without mangroves?","volume":"317","author":"Duke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2023.105920","article-title":"Mangroves leaves phyllosphere bacteria community and its ability to survive under pyrene stress during the acclimation process","volume":"187","author":"Elyamine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102204","article-title":"Sensitivity of the mangrove-estuarine microbial community to aquaculture effluent","volume":"24","author":"Erazo","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0307929","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0307929","article-title":"Do restoration strategies in mangroves recover microbial diversity? A case study in the Yucatan peninsula","volume":"19","author":"Esguerra-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref31","volume-title":"FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.13057\/BIODIV\/D240269","article-title":"Exploration of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from mangrove soil of Lamongan, East Java, Indonesia","volume":"24","author":"Fatimah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biodiversitas"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822012000400002","article-title":"Microbial diversity in Brazilian mangrove sediments: a mini review","volume":"43","author":"Ghizelini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.4161\/cib.15253","article-title":"Mangrove bacterial richness","volume":"4","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Communicative Integrative Biol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45804-w","article-title":"High-throughput sequencing and analysis of microbial communities in the mangrove swamps along the coast of Beibu gulf in Guangxi, China","volume":"9","author":"Gong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000076","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pstr.0000076","article-title":"A nature-based solutions approach to managing shrimp aquaculture effluent","volume":"2","author":"Goto","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Sustain. Transform."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/S13205-019-1698-4","article-title":"Diversity of fungi from mangrove sediments of Goa, India, obtained by metagenomic analysis using Illumina sequencing","volume":"9","author":"Haldar","year":"2019","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372144","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2018.01707\/TEXT","article-title":"Diversity and characterization of endophytic fungi isolated from the tropical mangrove species, Rhizophora mucronata, and identification of potential antagonists against the soil-borne fungus, fusarium solani","volume":"9","author":"Hamzah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10100728","article-title":"Diversity and antifungal susceptibilities of yeasts from mangroves in Hong Kong, China\u2014a one health aspect","volume":"10","author":"Hau","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526730","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2025.1526730\/TEXT","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of bacterial communities in mangrove sediments of Shupaisha island, Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.04504","article-title":"Landscape transformation alters functional diversity in coastal seascapes","volume":"43","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s003740000319","article-title":"The role of sediment microorganisms in the productivity, conservation, and rehabilitation of mangrove ecosystems: an overview","volume":"33","author":"Holguin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"24","volume-title":"Actinomycetes for Marine Drug Discovery Isolated from Mangrove Soils and Plants in ChinaMarine Drugs","author":"Hong","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336037","DOI":"10.3389\/FFGC.2024.1336037\/EPUB","article-title":"Forest zone and root compartments outweigh long-term nutrient enrichment in structuring arid mangrove root microbiomes","volume":"7","author":"Hsiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Forests Global Change"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2024.105567","article-title":"Keystone PGPR ecological effect: an inoculation case study of diazotrophic Novosphingobium sp. N034 on mangrove plant Kandelia obovate","volume":"202","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09254-6","article-title":"Searching for signatures across microbial communities: metagenomic analysis of soil samples from mangrove and other ecosystems","volume":"7","author":"Imchen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335285","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2018.00868\/TEXT","article-title":"Diversity, novelty, and antimicrobial activity of endophytic actinobacteria from mangrove plants in Beilun estuary National Nature Reserve of Guangxi, China","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835798","DOI":"10.3389\/FMARS.2026.1835798\/TEXT","article-title":"Environmental drivers of bacterial diversity, distribution, and predicted metabolic potential in Hainan Island mangrove sediments","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-023-03679-6","article-title":"Mangrove-associated endomycota: diversity and functional significance as a source of novel drug leads","volume":"205","author":"Job","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01313","article-title":"Spatial and temporal microbial patterns in a tropical macrotidal estuary subject to urbanization","volume":"8","author":"Kaestli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.12691\/jaem-2-3-2","article-title":"Optimization and production of \u03b1 -amylase from halophilic Bacillus species isolated from mangrove soil sources","volume":"2","author":"Kanimozhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20180208","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2018.0208","article-title":"Carbon stocks of mangroves and salt marshes of the Amazon region, Brazil","volume":"14","author":"Kauffman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/S00374-005-0035-8","article-title":"Arbuscular mycorrhizae and phosphate solubilising bacteria of the rhizosphere of the mangrove ecosystem of great Nicobar island, India","volume":"42","author":"Kothamasi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51622-x","article-title":"Diversity of Streptomyces spp. from mangrove forest of Sarawak (Malaysia) and screening of their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities","volume":"9","author":"Law","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref55","volume-title":"The State of the World\u2019s Mangroves 2022","author":"Leal","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/S43008-020-00042-Y","article-title":"Distinct fungal communities associated with different organs of the mangrove Sonneratia alba in the Malay peninsula","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"IMA Fungus 2020"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484424","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2019.02456\/TEXT","article-title":"Mangrove-associated fungal communities are differentiated by geographic location and host structure","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128597","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2020.128597","article-title":"Microbially-driven sulfur cycling microbial communities in different mangrove sediments","volume":"273","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42260-4","article-title":"Comparative metagenomics study reveals pollution induced changes of microbial genes in mangrove sediments","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00851","DOI":"10.1128\/MSYSTEMS.00851-19","article-title":"Deciphering the microbial taxonomy and functionality of two diverse mangrove ecosystems and their potential abilities to produce bioactive compounds","volume":"5","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178118","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2024.178118","article-title":"Microbially-driven phosphorus cycling and its coupling mechanisms with nitrogen cycling in mangrove sediments","volume":"958","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2510","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2745.14383","article-title":"Mangrove ecology guiding the use of mangroves as nature-based solutions","volume":"112","author":"Lovelock","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764974","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.764974","article-title":"Characteristics of microbial community and function with the succession of mangroves","volume":"12","author":"Mai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2021.e00617","article-title":"Isolation and enzyme bioprospection of bacteria associated to Bruguiera cylindrica, a mangrove plant of North Sumatra, Indonesia","volume":"30","author":"Mamangkey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1890\/110004","article-title":"A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2","volume":"9","author":"Mcleod","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Ecol. Environ."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00936","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00936-21","article-title":"Ecological role of Bacteria involved in the biogeochemical cycles of mangroves based on functional genes detected through GeoChip 5.0","volume":"7","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2023.115135","article-title":"Seagrass ecosystem adjacent to mangroves store higher amount of organic carbon of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andaman Sea","volume":"193","author":"Mishra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.3390\/W13213053","article-title":"L-cysteine synthase enhanced sulfide biotransformation in subtropical marine mangrove sediments as revealed by metagenomics analysis","volume":"13","author":"Mo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water 2021"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2018.08.007","article-title":"Alcaligenaceae and Chromatiaceae as reliable bioindicators present in palm oil mill effluent final discharge treated by different biotreatment processes","volume":"95","author":"Mohd-Nor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18667-x","article-title":"Fungal succession on the decomposition of three plant species from a Brazilian mangrove","volume":"12","author":"Moitinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.19.1.43","article-title":"Culturable waterborne Bacteria from mangrove forests and their Decolorization potential","volume":"19","author":"Munir","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2020.9393","article-title":"Molecular identification of bacterial isolates from the rhizospheres of four mangrove species in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"Muwawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0298237","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0298237","article-title":"Diversity and assembly patterns of mangrove rhizosphere mycobiome along the coast of Gazi Bay and Mida Creek in Kenya","volume":"19","author":"Muwawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0248485","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0248485","article-title":"16S rRNA gene amplicon-based metagenomic analysis of bacterial communities in the rhizospheres of selected mangrove species from Mida Creek and Gazi Bay, Kenya","volume":"16","author":"Muwawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-025-00686-6","article-title":"Fungi promote cross-domain interactions even in deep anoxic mangrove sediments","volume":"20","author":"Ng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Microb."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.11646\/phytotaxa.383.2.4","article-title":"Cytospora piceae sp. nov. associated with canker disease of Picea crassifolia in China","volume":"383","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytotaxa"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e69885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069885","article-title":"GenGIS 2: geospatial analysis of traditional and genetic biodiversity, with new gradient algorithms and an extensible plugin framework","volume":"8","author":"Parks","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/ijpb16010023","article-title":"Fungal community dynamics in Cyperus rotundus: implications for Rhizophora mangle in a mangrove ecosystem","volume":"16","author":"Portalanza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.60151\/ENVEC\/HAJU9529","article-title":"Metagenomic assessment of fungal diversity in the mangrove sediments from north and Central Kerala, India","volume":"42","author":"Pothayi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Ecol."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aggene.2018.07.001","article-title":"Metagenomic insights into the phylogenetic and functional profiles of soil microbiome from a managed mangrove in Malaysia","volume":"9","author":"Priya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agri Gene"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7120585","article-title":"First insights into the microbiome of a mangrove tree reveal significant differences in taxonomic and functional composition among plant and soil compartments","volume":"7","author":"Purahong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/S40168-023-01501-5","article-title":"Vertically stratified methane, nitrogen and Sulphur cycling and coupling mechanisms in mangrove sediment microbiomes","volume":"11","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-01999-5","article-title":"Pharmacological properties of some mangrove sediment-associated bacillus isolates","volume":"203","author":"Rajan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-018-2442-7","article-title":"Metatranscriptomics analysis of mangroves habitats around Mauritius","volume":"34","author":"Rampadarath","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref85","volume-title":"Aislamiento y Caracterizaci\u00f3n de Bacterias End\u00f3fitas del Manglar (","author":"Rolong","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2018.01.009","article-title":"Conservation and restoration of mangroves: global status, perspectives, and prognosis","volume":"154","author":"Roma\u00f1ach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Coastal Management"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao4985","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao4985","article-title":"Methane emissions partially offset \u201cblue carbon\u201d burial in mangroves","volume":"4","author":"Rosentreter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2225\/vol14-issue5-fulltext-10","article-title":"Isolation of total RNA from tissues rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides of mangrove plants","volume":"14","author":"Rubio-Pi\u00f1a","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electron. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.17163\/lgr.n35.2022.02","article-title":"First report of two aspergillus species isolated from mangrove forest in Ecuador","volume":"35","author":"Sacheri-Viteri","year":"2021","journal-title":"La Granja"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205049","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/205049","article-title":"DNA extraction protocol for plants with high levels of secondary metabolites and polysaccharides without using liquid nitrogen and phenol","volume":"2012","author":"Sahu","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Molecular Biol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3390\/su4030359","article-title":"The economic value of mangroves: a Meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Salem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00116-17","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00116-17","article-title":"Genome sequences of two naphthalene-degrading strains of Pseudomonas balearica, Isolated from Polluted Marine Sediment and from an Oil Refinery Site","volume":"5","author":"Salv\u00e1-Serra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23342-5_13","article-title":"Diversity and distribution of marine Fungi on Rhizophora spp","author":"Sarma","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/w03-076","article-title":"Developments in the use of Bacillus species for industrial production","volume":"50","author":"Schallmey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/S12866-015-0495-4","article-title":"Antimicrobial activities of actinomycetes isolated from unexplored regions of Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem","volume":"15","author":"Sengupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2019.03.008","article-title":"Bacterial endophytes of mangrove propagules elicit early establishment of the natural host and promote growth of cereal crops under salt stress","author":"Soldan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2025.109276","article-title":"Microbial community structure and functional diversity affected by soil depth, tidal levels, and stand ages in restored Sonneratia apetala mangroves","volume":"319","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-42270-z","article-title":"Microbiome signatures of mangroves and salt marsh halophyte rhizosphere soil sediments: a metagenomic approach","volume":"16","author":"Sujeeth","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/S10482-010-9422-8","article-title":"Diversity and identification of methanogenic archaea and sulphate-reducing bacteria in sediments from a pristine tropical mangrove","volume":"97","author":"Taketani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166165","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCITOTENV.2023.166165","article-title":"Microplastics in mangroves with special reference to Asia: Occurrence, distribution, bioaccumulation and remediation options","volume":"904","author":"Talukdar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715991","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2021.715991\/FULL","article-title":"Brazilian semi-arid mangroves-associated microbiome as pools of richness and complexity in a changing world","volume":"12","author":"Tavares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/S003740050024\/METRICS","article-title":"Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms associated with the rhizosphere of mangroves in a semiarid coastal lagoon","volume":"30","author":"Vazquez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174524","article-title":"On the cost-effectiveness of nature-based solutions for reducing disaster risk","volume":"947","author":"Vicarelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR2020.9402","article-title":"Isolation and morphological characterization of endophytic fungi isolated from mangrove plants along the Kenyan coastline","volume":"14","author":"Wacira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-023-00499-5","article-title":"The core mangrove microbiome reveals shared taxa potentially involved in nutrient cycling and promoting host survival","volume":"18","author":"Wainwright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Microbiome"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/S40168-025-02177-9","article-title":"Phylogenetically and metabolically diverse active carbon-fixing microbes reside in mangrove sediments","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome 2025"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4866","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87307-x","article-title":"Mangroves, fauna compositions and carbon sequestration after ten years restoration on Flores Island, Indonesia","volume":"15","author":"Wirabuana","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MARPOLBUL.2019.01.042","article-title":"Depth-related change of sulfate-reducing bacteria community in mangrove sediments: the influence of heavy metal contamination","volume":"140","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107989","article-title":"The diversity and co-occurrence network of soil bacterial and fungal communities and their implications for a new indicator of grassland degradation","volume":"129","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2024.131741","article-title":"Insights into nitrogen biogeochemical cycling in mangrove wetland from genome-resolved metagenomic sequencing","volume":"640","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/S40168-019-0671-0","article-title":"Phyllosphere epiphytic and endophytic fungal community and network structures differ in a tropical mangrove ecosystem","volume":"7","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiome 2019"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157601","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2023.1157601\/TEXT","article-title":"Insights into the phylogenetic diversity, biological activities, and biosynthetic potential of mangrove rhizosphere Actinobacteria from Hainan Island","volume":"14","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44447-2","article-title":"Community structures of mangrove endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria in Zhangjiangkou National Mangrove Nature Reserve","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2024.112274","article-title":"Unveiling sedimentary microbial communities: restored mangrove wetlands show higher heterogeneity and network stability than natural ones","volume":"166","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/S40793-025-00801-7","article-title":"Methane cycling microorganisms drive seasonal variation of methane emission in mangrove ecosystems","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Environmental Microbiome"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743704","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2026.1743704\/TEXT","article-title":"Microbial diversity and water quality changes in mangrove sediments in Quanzhou Bay","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1186\/S12866-025-04486-3","article-title":"Seawater tides shaped mangrove sediment a bacterial community drastically distinct from supratidal land soil","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aec9773","article-title":"Unexpected expansion and regrowth in earth\u2019s mangrove forests over the past four decades","volume":"392","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00682-21","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00682-21","article-title":"Effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on nitrogen fixation and phosphorus Solubilization in a subtropical marine mangrove ecosystem","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectrum"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0092821","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00928-21","article-title":"High-level diversity of basal fungal lineages and the control of fungal community assembly by stochastic processes in mangrove sediments","volume":"87","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269735","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2017.02032\/TEXT","article-title":"Diversity and structure of diazotrophic communities in mangrove rhizosphere, revealed by high-throughput sequencing","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0197359","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0197359","article-title":"Phylogenetic diversity and antioxidant activities of culturable fungal endophytes associated with the mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa and R. mucronata in the South China Sea","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147285","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2023.1147285\/TEXT","article-title":"Community assembly and network structure of epiphytic and endophytic phyllosphere fungi in a subtropical mangrove ecosystem","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-00164-6","article-title":"Diversity, function and assembly of mangrove root-associated microbial communities at a continuous fine-scale","volume":"6","author":"Zhuang","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes 2020"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.35.3.567-575.1978","article-title":"Biological dinitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) associated with Florida mangroves","volume":"35","author":"Zuberer","year":"1978","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1908615\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:51:00Z","timestamp":1788346260000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1908615\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":128,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1908615"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1908615","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"article-number":"1908615"}}