{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T10:02:54Z","timestamp":1789725774102,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are nanoscale, lipid bilayer\u2013enclosed structures released by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria that act as active mediators of microbial and host\u2013microbe communication rather than simple byproducts of membrane turnover. By packaging proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites, BEVs participate in quorum sensing, biofilm regulation, horizontal gene transfer, and immune modulation, with functional outcomes that depend strongly on microbial origin and environmental context: pathogen-derived BEVs frequently promote inflammation and tissue damage, whereas commensal- and probiotic-derived BEVs are more often linked to epithelial protection and immune regulation. These properties have positioned BEVs as promising translational tools for biomarker discovery, vaccine development, and engineered drug delivery. However, vesicle heterogeneity, inconsistent isolation and purification methods, and an incomplete understanding of\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    behavior continue to limit reproducibility and slow clinical translation. Here, we synthesize current evidence on BEV biogenesis, cargo selection, and biological function, and outline the methodological and translational challenges that must be addressed to establish BEVs as a validated interface between microbial activity and host physiology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1910885","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:10:05Z","timestamp":1789722605000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial extracellular vesicles as central mediators of microbiota\u2013host communication"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sinem","family":"Oktem Okullu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00fcmeyye","family":"Akcelik-Deveci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaren","family":"Buyukcolak-Cebeci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selcen Necibe","family":"Gokduman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gizem","family":"Sele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Health and Science, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500270","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202500270","article-title":"Bioengineered extracellular vesicles in emerging cancer vaccine platforms","volume":"5","author":"Ahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Sci"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70073","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.70073","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of bacterial extracellular vesicles for exploring ovarian cancer biomarkers","volume":"4","author":"Asano-Inami","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1774","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17111774","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles in oncology: molecular mechanisms and future clinical applications","volume":"17","author":"Bhanu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00432","article-title":"Bacterial membrane vesicles as mediators of microbe \u2013 microbe and microbe \u2013 host community interactions. Front","volume":"11","author":"Caruana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2206433","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Meningococcal group B vaccine (4CMenB) in children","volume":"388","author":"Castilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Eng. J. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e450","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.282","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila-derived extracellular vesicles influence gut permeability through the regulation of tight junctions","volume":"50","author":"Chelakkot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.20517\/evcna.2026.09","article-title":"Engineered bacterial extracellular vesicles as next-generation precision postbiotics: strategies, challenges and prospects","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Extracell. Vesicles Circ. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.4c00483","article-title":"Endotoxin-free outer membrane vesicles for safe and modular anticancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3988","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.84650","article-title":"Outer membrane vesicles derived from gut microbiota mediate tubulointerstitial inflammation: a potential new mechanism for diabetic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2506011","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2506.06011","article-title":"Standardizing bacterial extracellular vesicle purification: a call for consensus","volume":"35","author":"Choi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-01509-3","article-title":"Emerging role of bacterial extracellular vesicles in cancer","volume":"39","author":"Chronopoulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53279-1","article-title":"Mapping bacterial extracellular vesicle research: insights, best practices and knowledge gaps","volume":"15","author":"De Langhe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8732","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168732","article-title":"Outer membrane vesicles derived from Klebsiella pneumoniae are a driving force for horizontal gene transfer","volume":"22","author":"Dell'Annunziata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-025-04175-0","article-title":"Bacteria-derived DNA in serum extracellular vesicles as a biomarker for gastric cancer","volume":"74","author":"Fujikawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2024.150711","volume":"487","author":"Han","year":"2024"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00532-4","article-title":"Lactobacillus reuteri-derived extracellular vesicles maintain intestinal immune homeostasis against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in broilers","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201401803","article-title":"In vivo kinetic biodistribution of nano-sized outer membrane vesicles derived from bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-022-01472-3","article-title":"Visualizing extracellular vesicle biogenesis in gram-positive bacteria using super-resolution microscopy","volume":"20","author":"Jeong","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2024.02.029","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles: modulation of biofilm and virulence properties","volume":"178","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Johnston","year":"2023","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.05179-22"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00057","article-title":"The uptake, trafficking, and biodistribution of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron generated outer membrane vesicles","volume":"11","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-016-0804-y","article-title":"Lipoteichoic acids as a major virulence factor causing inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 2","volume":"39","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2416652122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2416652122","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles target different bacterial species, impairing cell division and diminishing their pathogenicity","volume":"122","author":"Kawagishi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20044","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M401275200","article-title":"3-O-deacylation of lipid A by PagL, a PhoP\/PhoQ-regulated deacylase of Salmonella typhimurium, modulates signaling through Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"279","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116737","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicle ssRNA prevents colorectal cancer progression via Piezo1","volume":"45","author":"Kondo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02532-1","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of probiotic extracellular vesicles - do they have the potential to fill the gap in therapeutic strategies for allergies?","volume":"23","author":"Kozakiewicz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073413","article-title":"Biological functions and biogenesis of secreted bacterial outer membrane vesicles","volume":"64","author":"Kulp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.162196","article-title":"Surface-displaying protein from Lacticaseibacillus paracasei-derived extracellular vesicles: identification and utilization in the fabrication of an endolysin-displaying platform against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"512","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-025-01575-6","article-title":"Engineered outer membrane vesicles enhance solid tumour CAR-T cell therapy","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.70264","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis and treatment of liver diseases","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452229","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2452229","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles in the initiation, progression and treatment of atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2400049","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400049","article-title":"Engineering versatile bacteria-derived outer membrane vesicles: an adaptable platform for advancing cancer immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514726","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1514726","article-title":"Microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: current knowledge, gaps, and challenges in precision nutrition","volume":"16","author":"Marquez-Paradas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03925","article-title":"Membrane vesicles traffic signals and facilitate group activities in a prokaryote","volume":"437","author":"Mashburn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000004343","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles and microbial-derived small RNAs as circulating cancer biomarkers","volume":"88","author":"Mehmood","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2396494","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2396494","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles at the interface of gut microbiota and immunity","volume":"16","author":"Melo-Marques","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0136824","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01368-24","article-title":"Multi-level analysis of gut microbiome extracellular vesicles-host interaction reveals a connection to gut-brain axis signaling","volume":"13","author":"Mottawea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0033425","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00334-25","article-title":"Membrane vesicle production via cell-to-cell communication-induced autolysis in Streptococcus mutans","volume":"13","author":"Nagasawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009508","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009508","article-title":"Microbiota-host communications: bacterial extracellular vesicles as a common language","volume":"17","author":"\u00d1ahui Palomino","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00663-4","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum NSP001-derived extracellular vesicles ameliorate ulcerative colitis by modulating T cell responses in gut microbiota-(in)dependent manners","volume":"11","author":"Nie","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12655","article-title":"Mechanisms of outer membrane vesicle entry into host cells","volume":"18","author":"O'Donoghue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006760","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006760","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide structure impacts the entry kinetics of bacterial outer membrane vesicles into host cells","volume":"13","author":"O'Donoghue","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561863","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.561863","article-title":"Differential packaging into outer membrane vesicles upon oxidative stress reveals a general mechanism for cargo selectivity","volume":"12","author":"Orench-Rivera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011334","article-title":"Outer membrane vesicles derived from Escherichia coli induce systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s44368-025-00009-4","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges in harnessing the immunomodulatory potential of bacterial extracellular vesicles as vaccine candidates","volume":"2","author":"Pawar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Immun"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250339","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1250339","article-title":"Bacterial outer membrane vesicles bound to bacteriophages modulate neutrophil responses to bacterial infection","volume":"13","author":"Pennetzdorfer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Pirolli","year":"","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202512679"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaf107","article-title":"Therapeutic potential and translational challenges for bacterial extracellular vesicles in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"31","author":"Pirolli","year":"","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58553-4","article-title":"Gut commensal Bifidobacterium-derived extracellular vesicles modulate the therapeutic effects of anti-PD-1 in lung cancer","volume":"16","author":"Preet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.03.008","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles for gut microbiome-host communication and drug development","volume":"15","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628801","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.628801","article-title":"Comparative analysis of outer membrane vesicle isolation methods with an Escherichia coli tolA mutant reveals a hypervesiculating phenotype with outer-inner membrane vesicle content","volume":"12","author":"Reimer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10515","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10515","article-title":"A novel mechanism for the biogenesis of outer membrane vesicles in Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Roier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24922","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.566570","article-title":"Modulation of endotoxicity of Shigella generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA) by genetic lipid A modifications: relative activation of TLR4 and TLR2 pathways in different mutants","volume":"289","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255223","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02552-23","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in mycobacteria: new findings in biogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, and diagnostics","volume":"15","author":"Salgueiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3525","article-title":"Outer-membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria: biogenesis and functions","volume":"13","author":"Schwechheimer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20240125","DOI":"10.1002\/INMD.20240125","article-title":"Harnessing the therapeutic potential of bacterial extracellular vesicles via functional peptides","volume":"3","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274295","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1274295","article-title":"From trash to treasure: the role of bacterial extracellular vesicles in gut health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560809","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1560809","article-title":"Comparison of small extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma by ultracentrifugation or size-exclusion chromatography: yield, purity and functional potential","volume":"8","author":"Takov","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00875-5","article-title":"Composition and functions of bacterial membrane vesicles","volume":"21","author":"Toyofuku","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2025.151670","article-title":"Imipenem-induced outer membrane vesicles from Elizabethkingia anophelis inhibit biofilm formation and shift nosocomial pathogen dynamics","volume":"320","author":"Tsai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07003-y","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-associated DNA: ten years since its discovery in human blood","author":"Tsering","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70262","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70262","article-title":"Gut commensal Klebsiella pneumoniae extracellular vesicles shape a liver microenvironment conducive to gut-liver bacterial translocation and pro-tumorigenic processes. J. Extracell","volume":"15","author":"Tsubaki","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vesicles"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19800","article-title":"Bacteria-derived DNA in serum extracellular vesicles are biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Uemura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359515","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2359515","article-title":"Gut-bacteria derived membrane vesicles and host metabolic health: a narrative review","volume":"16","author":"Verbunt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12266","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12266","article-title":"Comparative analysis of tangential flow filtration and ultracentrifugation, both combined with subsequent size exclusion chromatography, for the isolation of small extracellular vesicles","volume":"11","author":"Visan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106225","article-title":"Vaccine effectiveness and impact of meningococcal vaccines against gonococcal infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2026.04.013","article-title":"Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles: a novel approach for managing metabolic disorders","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Future Foods"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2024.102525","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer and beyond: the delivery of biological matter by bacterial membrane vesicles to host and bacterial cells","volume":"81","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.146102","article-title":"sRNA-enriched outer membrane vesicles of Vibrio alginolyticus: decisive architects of biofilm assembly","volume":"320","author":"Xiu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-026-00924-w","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as structured vectors of quorum sensing signals influence aquatic microbial communities","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2026","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/65574","article-title":"Isolation and purification of bacterial extracellular vesicles from human feces using density gradient centrifugation","author":"Xue","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2566255","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2566255","article-title":"Deciphering the immunomodulatory cross-talk: bacterial extracellular vesicles in gut homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Yi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21684","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202521684","article-title":"Bacterial outer membrane vesicles in potentiating cancer vaccines: progress and prospects","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03435-6","article-title":"The biological activity and potential of probiotics-derived extracellular vesicles as postbiotics in modulating microbiota-host communication","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado0016","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado0016","article-title":"Fusobacterium nucleatum extracellular vesicles are enriched in colorectal cancer and facilitate bacterial adhesion","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620829","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1620829","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles: emerging mediators of gut-liver axis crosstalk in hepatic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671963","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1671963","article-title":"Clinical applications of extracellular vesicles: recent advances and emerging trends","volume":"13","author":"Zou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481496","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1481496","article-title":"Microscopic messengers: microbiota-derived bacterial extracellular vesicles in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Zubair","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1910885\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T09:10:06Z","timestamp":1789722606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1910885\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1910885"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1910885","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"article-number":"1910885"}}