{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:53:30Z","timestamp":1791179610497,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The marine pathogenic bacterium\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio vulnificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    is linked to epizootics of a dermal ulcerative disease, causing high mortality in European and Japanese eels. American eels (\n                    <jats:italic>Anguilla rostrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) experience a similar condition, commonly referred to as red sore disease (RSD). Field studies indicate that\n                    <jats:italic>V. vulnificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections highly correlate with RSD in American eels, but causation remains un-established. In this study, clinically healthy American eels were intraperitoneally injected with\n                    <jats:italic>V. vulnificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and then held for 12 days at 18, 25, or 32\u00b0C. Presence of characteristic clinical signs, mortality, and consistent bacterial re-isolation fulfilled Koch\u2019s postulates for\n                    <jats:italic>V. vulnificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    as an etiological agent of RSD in American eels. Gross clinical signs included hyperemia, hemorrhage, epidermal erosion, and shallow to deep ulceration with sub-dermal tissue necrosis. Histopathology indicated widespread colonization by Gram negative bacteria; partial to complete loss of epidermis and dermis (including scales); as well as edema, hemorrhage, myonecrosis, and extensive leukocytic infiltration (inflammation) of affected tissues. Eels injected with\n                    <jats:italic>V. vulnificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    had 92 times higher odds of death than controls. Elevated temperature was an additional risk factor with the odds of\n                    <jats:italic>V. vulnificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    -injected eels dying being 13 times greater at 32\u00b0C compared to 18\u00b0C. This directly related to the increased growth of\n                    <jats:italic>V. vulnificus<\/jats:italic>\n                    at higher temperatures observed\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These findings identify temperature as an important driver for RSD risk in wild American eel populations and a mitigation focus for eel aquaculture in the Chesapeake Bay region of the United States.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1911288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:31:57Z","timestamp":1791178317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elevated temperature exacerbates red sore disease caused by Vibrio vulnificus in American eels (Anguilla rostrata)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Amanpreet K.","family":"Kohli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary","place":["Gloucester Point, VA, United States"]},{"name":"North Carolina Sea Grant, North Carolina State University","place":["Raleigh, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah N.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary","place":["Gloucester Point, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharine R.","family":"Cipriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Old Dominion University, Biological Sciences","place":["Norfolk, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David T.","family":"Gauthier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Old Dominion University, Biological Sciences","place":["Norfolk, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang K.","family":"Vogelbein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary","place":["Gloucester Point, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Wargo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary","place":["Gloucester Point, VA, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.4.1454-1457.1996","article-title":"Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2, pathogenic for eels, is also an opportunistic pathogen for humans","volume":"62","author":"Amaro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Appl. 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