{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T06:18:07Z","timestamp":1787811487478,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Introduction<\/jats:title>\n \n Multidrug-resistant (MDR)\n Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n (\n S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n ) poses a serious threat to animal and public health because of increasingly limited treatment options. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a potential microbiota-based intervention; however, its effects on MDR\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n infection and pathogen-associated antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) dynamics remain unclear.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A murine diarrhea model was established using the clinical MDR\n S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n isolate P174, and infected mice were treated with FMT. Clinical symptoms, intestinal pathology, transcriptional inflammatory responses, gut microbiota composition, and ARG profiles of recovered\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n isolates were evaluated. Whole-genome sequencing was used to characterize resistance determinants, and the stability of ARGs and IncHI2A backbone markers was further assessed during 19 in vitro passages.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n FMT reduced diarrhea, promoted body weight recovery, and alleviated intestinal tissue injury and inflammatory cell infiltration. Colonic expression of\n Tnf<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Il1b<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Il6<\/jats:italic>\n decreased, whereas\n Il10<\/jats:italic>\n expression increased. FMT was also associated with partial recovery of gut microbial diversity, increased relative abundances of\n Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n , and other commensal anaerobic taxa, and reduced\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n abundance. Whole-genome sequencing showed that\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n OXA-1<\/jats:sub>\n ,\n floR<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n oqxA<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n oqxB<\/jats:italic>\n were co-localized on an IncHI2A-associated plasmid sequence. Loss of these resistance determinants increased over time in isolates recovered from FMT-treated mice, whereas no loss of the four ARGs or the IncHI2A backbone markers\n repB<\/jats:italic>\n and\n parB<\/jats:italic>\n was detected during 19\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n passages. Among isolates showing simultaneous loss of all four ARGs, nearly all also lacked detectable\n repB<\/jats:italic>\n and\n parB<\/jats:italic>\n , whereas isolates with partial ARG loss retained both markers. These patterns were consistent with both backbone-associated loss and resistance-region deletion or rearrangement. Most ARG-loss isolates showed reduced antimicrobial resistance.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Discussion<\/jats:title>\n \n FMT alleviated MDR\n S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n -induced intestinal disease and was associated with partial recovery of gut microbiota characteristics and increased instability and loss of IncHI2A-associated resistance determinants\n in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n . These findings suggest a potential association between intestinal microbial ecological changes and altered maintenance patterns of resistance-associated genetic elements in MDR\n S. enterica<\/jats:italic>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1913730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T05:33:30Z","timestamp":1787808810000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["FMT alleviates multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica-induced diarrhea and is associated with loss of IncHI2A-associated resistance determinants in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Panpan","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huimin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanzhao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daibing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyuan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lining","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Development for Herbivorous Animals (XJ-LNDRDHA)","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulation of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease","volume":"23","author":"Agus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.5.643","article-title":"Mast cells are an important cellular source of tumour necrosis factor alpha in human intestinal tissue","volume":"44","author":"Bischoff","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3535","article-title":"Microbiota-mediated colonization resistance against intestinal pathogens","volume":"13","author":"Buffie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. 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