{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T10:13:31Z","timestamp":1790158411603,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Urban sewer systems function as active subsurface bioreactors, where dynamic biofilms drive significant methane (CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and nitrous oxide (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) emissions. Redox-stratified microenvironments within biofilms enable concurrent fermentation, methanogenesis, methane oxidation, and nitrogen transformations, linking hydraulic conditions to greenhouse gas generation. CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    derives mainly from anaerobic micro-zones regulated by substrates and retention time, whereas N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O forms under micro-aerobic conditions via nitrification and incomplete denitrification. Current mitigation strategies, including physical cleaning, chemical dosing, and electron acceptor adjustments, often target isolated pollutants, neglecting inter-gas trade-offs. Methanotroph-mediated methane oxidation, including aerobic and nitrite-dependent anaerobic pathways, provides an additional biological route for mitigating sewer CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions. This review synthesizes biofilm-mediated emission mechanisms and control measures, advocating a shift from single-pollutant interventions toward precision, system-wide strategies. Integrating high-frequency monitoring, multi-omics, and dynamic modeling is essential to reconcile drainage functionality with climate goals and advance low-carbon, resilient urban wastewater infrastructure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1915507","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:49:46Z","timestamp":1790156986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sewer biofilms as drivers of greenhouse gas emissions in urban sewer systems: mechanisms and control strategies"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Linjun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Intelligent Materials and New Energy, Institute of Carbon Neutral New Energy, Yuzhang Normal University","place":["Nanchang, China"]},{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongzhou","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yigao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology","place":["Changsha, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuchang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Engineering College, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology","place":["Ganzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2015.633","article-title":"Mechanism and kinetics of biofilm growth process influenced by shear stress in sewers","volume":"73","author":"Ai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Sci. 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