{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:41:24Z","timestamp":1790667684586,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The skin microbiome is an integral component of the cutaneous ecosystem and contributes to barrier, immune, and metabolic homeostasis. Available evidence is examined across three distinct levels: microbial community structure, functional activity, and host biological response. This ecological\u2013functional distinction is necessary because taxonomic abundance alone does not establish microbial activity, biological effects, or causality. Age-associated microbial variation is considered within the physiological context of cutaneous aging, including reduced sebaceous activity, altered hydration and surface pH, impaired barrier recovery, chronic low-grade inflammation, oxidative stress, and extracellular matrix deterioration. Microbial alterations reported in acne, atopic dermatitis, and rosacea further illustrate how changes in the cutaneous environment can modify host\u2013microbiome interactions and contribute to clinically relevant phenotypes. Translational developments in dermatology and aesthetic medicine include microbiome-compatible skincare, prebiotic and postbiotic formulations, live biotherapeutic approaches, and strategies intended to preserve microbial and barrier recovery after dermatological procedures. Interpretation of the available literature remains limited by low microbial biomass, anatomical and interpersonal heterogeneity, contamination risk, differences in sampling and sequencing methods, and limited functional and longitudinal resolution. Observed microbial remodeling should be interpreted within a bidirectional host\u2013microbiome relationship. Physiological changes that accompany aging can reshape microbial ecology, whereas microbial products may modify barrier and immune responses. Current evidence does not establish whether these microbial alterations are causes, consequences, or correlates of cutaneous aging. Integration of strain-resolved microbiome data with microbial gene expression, metabolite measurements, host molecular responses, and clinical phenotypes will be required to identify biologically relevant microbial functions and determine their value in dermatological practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1917816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:34:15Z","timestamp":1787229255000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Skin microbiome and cutaneous aging mechanisms and clinical implications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jhommara","family":"Bautista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"I\u00f1iguez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime Andr\u00e9s","family":"Villegas-Ch\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Esticca Medical Center, Medicina Est\u00e9tica Especializada","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dom\u00e9nica","family":"Bunces-Larco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Esticca Medical Center, Medicina Est\u00e9tica Especializada","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"L\u00f3pez-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","place":["Quito, Ecuador"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2022.22.e46","article-title":"Context-dependent regulation of Type17 immunity by microbiota at the intestinal barrier","volume":"22","author":"Akuzum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2026.2617549","article-title":"Understanding delayed-onset inflammatory responses (DIRs) to hyaluronic acid fillers: a comprehensive literature review and retrospective cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Akyol","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Laser Ther"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e264","DOI":"10.1002\/ski2.264","article-title":"Study to determine the safety and efficacy of microneedling as an effective treatment for acne vulgaris","volume":"3","author":"Alqam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skin Health Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bbag316","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbag316","article-title":"From association to causation: a decision-aware framework for reproducible biomarker discovery and precision intervention design in the human gut microbiome","volume":"27","author":"Ascandari","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinf."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.12788\/cutis.1240","article-title":"The skin microbiome in rosacea: mechanisms, gut-skin interactions, and therapeutic implications","volume":"116","author":"Asees","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-026-00835-2","article-title":"Genome-resolved insights into the ecology, metabolic potential, salt-stress adaptation, and safety of Staphylococcus in traditional Korean soybean fermentation","volume":"10","author":"Baek","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232745","article-title":"Skin barrier function: the interplay of physical, chemical, and immunologic properties","volume":"12","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-024-01202-3","article-title":"Late-onset reactions after hyaluronic acid dermal fillers: a consensus recommendation on etiology, prevention and management","volume":"14","author":"Baranska-Rybak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2026.2629269","article-title":"Reprogramming human health through the microbiome and precision medicine","volume":"52","author":"Bautista","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1776983","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1776983","article-title":"Biohacking the human gut microbiome for precision health and therapeutic innovation","volume":"17","author":"Bautista","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801100","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1801100","article-title":"The hallmarks of host-microbiome decoupling","volume":"17","author":"Bautista","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1794192","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2026.1794192","article-title":"The microbiome-gerogene axis: a new frontier in precision geromedicine","volume":"7","author":"Bautista","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673880","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1673880","article-title":"The microbiome as a therapeutic co-driver in melanoma immuno-oncology","volume":"12","author":"Bautista","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-026-08640-1","article-title":"PPAR\u03b1 deficiency causes skin dysbiosis and triggers innate immunity in keratinocytes","volume":"17","author":"Blunder","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00536","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202500536","article-title":"Personalized models of biological barriers and their diseases: recent progress with organs-on-chips","volume":"10","author":"Buck","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159404","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2023.1159404","article-title":"The immunological and structural epidermal barrier dysfunction and skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis-an update","volume":"10","author":"\u00c7etinarslan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-025-01427-y","article-title":"Conversation between skin microbiota and the host: from early life to adulthood","volume":"57","author":"Cha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103036","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as immune modulators in aging and age-related chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abp9563","article-title":"Engineered skin bacteria induce antitumor T cell responses against melanoma","volume":"380","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"qzae040","DOI":"10.1093\/gpbjnl\/qzae040","article-title":"Hidden links between skin microbiome and skin imaging phenome","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinf."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70070","DOI":"10.1002\/der2.70070","article-title":"Pre-, pro-, post-, and synbiotics for skin health: a narrative review of cosmetic and dermatological applications","volume":"7","author":"da Silva","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00839","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00839-19","article-title":"New insights into the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that shape the human skin microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Dimitriu","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02494-4","article-title":"Postbiotics as microbial-derived therapeutics for wound healing disorders: from molecular mechanisms to future application","volume":"23","author":"Dini\u0107","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAD-0017-2017","article-title":"U.S. regulatory considerations for development of live biotherapeutic products as drugs","volume":"5","author":"Dreher-Lesnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19540","article-title":"Acne microbiome: from phyla to phylotypes","volume":"38","author":"Dreno","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.11.003","article-title":"Contamination in low microbial biomass microbiome studies: issues and recommendations","volume":"27","author":"Eisenhofer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-025-01648-8","article-title":"Omics-based decoding of molecular and metabolic crosstalk in the skin barrier ecosystem","volume":"33","author":"Elettrico","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol4020066","article-title":"Changes in the skin microbiome following dermatological procedures: a scoping review","volume":"4","author":"Ellis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1002\/jvc2.487","article-title":"Cutibacterium and Staphylococcus dysbiosis of the skin microbiome in acne and its decline after isotretinoin treatment","volume":"3","author":"Feidenhansl","year":"2024","journal-title":"JEADV Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13081771","article-title":"Alternatives integrating omics approaches for the advancement of human skin models: a focus on metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metaproteomics","volume":"13","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.017","article-title":"The skin microbiota: balancing risk and reward","volume":"28","author":"Flowers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3451","article-title":"Sequencing and beyond: integrating molecular \u201comics\u201d for microbial community profiling","volume":"13","author":"Franzosa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713471","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1713471","article-title":"Regulatory considerations for developing phage therapy medicinal products for the treatment of antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections","volume":"16","author":"Fukaya-Shiba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559510","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2025.1559510","article-title":"Genetic profiling and precision skin care: a review","volume":"16","author":"Geusens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Genet"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1002\/ski2.93","article-title":"Development of a topical bacteriophage gel targeting Cutibacterium acnes for acne prone skin and results of a phase 1 cosmetic randomized clinical trial","volume":"2","author":"Golembo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skin Health Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo0693","article-title":"Microbiota and maintenance of skin barrier function","volume":"376","author":"Harris-Tryon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3836","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16557","article-title":"Dermatological health in the light of skin microbiome evolution","volume":"23","author":"Haykal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70150","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70150","article-title":"Navigating the intersection of lasers and the skin microbiome: a new frontier in esthetic dermatology","volume":"24","author":"Haykal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70111","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.70111","article-title":"Hallmarks of the aging skin microenvironment: components and mechanisms","volume":"240","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.25.009","article-title":"Microbiome-based interventions for skin aging and barrier function: a comprehensive review","volume":"37","author":"Hong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.05.019","article-title":"Lipoteichoic acid isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum down-regulates UV-induced MMP-1 expression and up-regulates type I procollagen through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation","volume":"67","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.11.029","article-title":"Aging-associated changes in the adult human skin microbiome and the host factors that affect skin microbiome composition","volume":"142","author":"Howard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518811","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1518811","article-title":"Skin microbiota: pathogenic roles and implications in atopic dermatitis","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2026.115160","article-title":"Systems engineering of engineered live biotherapeutics: a discovery-to-translation framework for streamlining microbiome therapeutic development","volume":"397","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2022.11.010","article-title":"Delayed infectious reactions of dermal filler injections in the face: causes and management","volume":"124","author":"Imen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Stomatol. Oral Maxillofac. Surg"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1159\/000532054","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter, 16-week trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of FB-401 in children, adolescents, and adult subjects (ages 2 years and older) with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis","volume":"240","author":"Jacobson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-026-02261-2","article-title":"Skin androgens regulate Staphylococcus aureus pathogenicity via quorum sensing","volume":"11","author":"John","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829378","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.829378","article-title":"Metagenomics versus metatranscriptomics of the murine gut microbiome for assessing microbial metabolism during inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Jovel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12112179","article-title":"Aging-induced changes in cutibacterium acnes and their effects on skin elasticity and wrinkle formation","volume":"12","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2023.01.009","article-title":"The epidermal lipid barrier in microbiome-skin interaction","volume":"31","author":"Kengmo Tchoupa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.3390\/life12122142","article-title":"Aging and wound healing of the skin: a review of clinical and pathophysiological hallmarks","volume":"12","author":"Khalid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0064825","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00648-25","article-title":"The cutaneous microbiome: microbial remodeling of the skin lipid landscape","volume":"11","author":"Khalil","year":"2026","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362408","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2024.1362408","article-title":"Distinct Cutibacterium acnes subspecies defendens strains classified by multi-omics dissection alleviate inflammatory skin lesions of a rosacea-like mouse model","volume":"3","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiom"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-06189-5","article-title":"Aged related human skin microbiome and mycobiome in Korean women","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.2.165","article-title":"Skin microbiome dynamics in atopic dermatitis: understanding host-microbiome interactions","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95734-9","article-title":"Taxonomic profiling of skin microbiome and correlation with clinical skin parameters in healthy Koreans","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0029-9","article-title":"Best practices for analysing microbiomes","volume":"16","author":"Knight","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-02157-7","article-title":"Massively parallel single-cell sequencing of diverse microbial populations","volume":"21","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6137","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14176137","article-title":"Skin microbiome shifts in various dermatological conditions","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-16273-1","article-title":"Skin microbiome friendly topical formulations containing probiotic - loaded alginate microspheres: in vitro studies","volume":"15","author":"\u0141etocha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-026-00810-3","article-title":"Skin aging: mechanisms, evaluation, and rejuvenation","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12987","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12987","article-title":"Skin microbiome profiling reveals the crucial role of microbial metabolites in anti-photoaging","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565549","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.565549","article-title":"New insights into the skin microbial communities and skin aging","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02357-x","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in homeostasis and disease","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16703","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16703","article-title":"Efficacy of a postbiotic formulation combined with microneedling for mild-to-moderate acne: a self-control study","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S571984","article-title":"Skin microbiome in health and disease: mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.033","article-title":"Non-classical immunity controls microbiota impact on skin immunity and tissue repair","volume":"172","author":"Linehan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596050","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2025.1596050","article-title":"Advances in the application of multi-omics analysis in skin aging","volume":"6","author":"Long","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.001","article-title":"Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe","volume":"186","author":"L\u00f3pez-Ot\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01988-1","article-title":"Spatial host-microbiome sequencing reveals niches in the mouse gut","volume":"42","author":"L\u00f6tstedt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.07.1498","article-title":"The human skin microbiome in health","volume":"93","author":"MacGibeny","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70019","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70019","article-title":"Advances in microbiome-based therapeutics for dermatological disorders: current insights and future directions","volume":"33","author":"Madaan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473292","DOI":"10.3389\/frmbi.2025.1473292","article-title":"A multi-strain human skin microbiome model provides a testbed for disease modeling","volume":"4","author":"Maloney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiom"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.06.24.661265","article-title":"Microbiome diversity of low biomass skin sites is captured by metagenomics but not 16S amplicon sequencing","author":"Markey","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70142","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70142","article-title":"The skin microbiome, microbial metabolites and the epidermal response to ultraviolet radiation-towards next generation suncare","volume":"34","author":"Mercer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01552-x","article-title":"Reporting guidelines for human microbiome research: the STORMS checklist","volume":"27","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04197-4","article-title":"Human age and skin physiology shape diversity and abundance of Archaea on skin","volume":"7","author":"Moissl-Eichinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46888-3","article-title":"Multi-omic integration of microbiome data for identifying disease-associated modules","volume":"15","author":"Muller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031414","article-title":"Probiotic activity of Staphylococcus epidermidis induces collagen type I production through FFaR2\/p-ERK signaling","volume":"22","author":"Negari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102235","article-title":"Forgotten fungi: the importance of the skin mycobiome","volume":"70","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13786","article-title":"Biogeography and individuality shape function in the human skin metagenome","volume":"514","author":"Oh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-025-01211-9","article-title":"The human skin microbiome: from metagenomes to therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/209977","article-title":"Acne therapy, probiotics and their influence on the microbiota","author":"Olszak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-025-00652-7","article-title":"Life stage impact on the human skin ecosystem: lipids and the microbial community","volume":"11","author":"Pagac","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14030720","article-title":"Strain diversity in the human microbiome: personal variation, pathobionts, therapeutics, and methodological challenges","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.01.008","article-title":"Commensal Staphylococci influence staphylococcus aureus skin colonization and disease","volume":"27","author":"Parlet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257276","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1257276","article-title":"Spatial diversity of the skin bacteriome","volume":"14","author":"P\u00e9rez-Losada","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70087","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.70087","article-title":"Modulations of the skin microbiome in skin disorders: a narrative review from a wound care perspective","volume":"21","author":"Piazzesi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Wound J"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173225","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01732-25","article-title":"Assessment of protocols for characterization of the human skin microbiome using shotgun metagenomics and comparative analysis with 16S metabarcoding","volume":"13","author":"Plaza O\u00f1ate","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.20332","article-title":"Acne and the cutaneous microbiome: a systematic review of mechanisms and implications for treatments","volume":"39","author":"Podwojniak","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13040791","article-title":"Microbiome and postbiotics in skin health","volume":"13","author":"Prajapati","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40413-017-0160-5","article-title":"The skin microbiome: impact of modern environments on skin ecology, barrier integrity, and systemic immune programming","volume":"10","author":"Prescott","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Allergy Organiz. J"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20212397","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20212397","article-title":"A dysregulated sebum-microbial metabolite-IL-33 axis initiates skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis","volume":"219","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3390\/life12070936","article-title":"How microbiomes affect skin aging: the updated evidence and current perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Ratanapokasatit","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107940","article-title":"Microbiome modulation in dermatological disorders: current insights and therapeutic prospects - a narrative review","volume":"208","author":"Raza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S502252","article-title":"Natural modulators of key signaling pathways in skin inflammageing","volume":"17","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6745","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146745","article-title":"Microbiome-based products: therapeutic potential for inflammatory skin diseases","volume":"26","author":"Ru\u0161anac","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11030684","article-title":"Facial skin microbiome: aging-related changes and exploratory functional associations with host genetic factors, a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Russo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3840","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15945","article-title":"Towards standardized and reproducible research in skin microbiomes","volume":"24","author":"Ruuskanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323644","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1323644","article-title":"Rosacea, microbiome and probiotics: the gut-skin axis","volume":"14","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Pellicer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051222","article-title":"The skin microbiome: current techniques, challenges, and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Santiago-Rodriguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-023-03090-w","article-title":"A genome catalog of the early-life human skin microbiome","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10834-9","article-title":"Aging-related changes in the diversity of women's skin microbiomes associated with oral bacteria","volume":"7","author":"Shibagaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3950","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043950","article-title":"The skin microbiome: current landscape and future opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Smythe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102575","article-title":"Porphyrins produced by acneic Cutibacterium acnes strains activate the inflammasome by inducing K+ leakage","volume":"24","author":"Spittaels","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01891-0","article-title":"Integrated analysis of facial microbiome and skin physio-optical properties unveils cutotype-dependent aging effects","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118655","article-title":"Current perspectives on the human skin microbiome: functional insights and strategies for therapeutic modulation","volume":"193","author":"Suri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0418022","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04180-22","article-title":"Sweat and sebum preferences of the human skin microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Swaney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644012","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2025.1644012","article-title":"Aging-dependent skin microbiome alterations across body sites in a United Kingdom cohort","volume":"6","author":"Swaney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Aging"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26020438","article-title":"Epigenetic regulatory processes involved in the establishment and maintenance of skin homeostasis-the role of microbiota","volume":"26","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70352","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.70352","article-title":"Cosmetic interventions for skin microbiome modulation: current strategies and future directions","volume":"32","author":"Tal\u00e9ns-Visconti","year":"2026","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100177","DOI":"10.59717\/j.xinn-life.2026.100177","article-title":"Tryptophan metabolism in inter-organ communication and its potential applications for disease prevention and control","volume":"3","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"TIL"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.05.011","article-title":"Commensal microbiota regulates skin barrier function and repair via signaling through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"29","author":"Uberoi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2024.12.007","article-title":"Commensal-derived tryptophan metabolites fortify the skin barrier: insights from a 50-species gnotobiotic model of human skin microbiome","volume":"32","author":"Uberoi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12122655","article-title":"Microbial dynamics: assessing skincare regimens' impact on the facial skin microbiome and skin health parameters","volume":"12","author":"Wagner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkaf068","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkaf068","article-title":"Microbial allies in skin trauma recovery: from immune modulation to engineered probiotic therapeutics","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128285","article-title":"Skin microbiome and skin aging: emerging strategies for manipulation","volume":"300","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15087","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.15087","article-title":"Gram-negative anaerobes elicit a robust keratinocytes immune response with potential insights into HS pathogenesis","volume":"33","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2025.07.027","article-title":"Skinspantm: a healthy longevity framework for skin aging","volume":"100","author":"Wyles","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-41640-8.00016-7","article-title":"\u201cHuman skin microbiota: composition, variability, dysbiosis, and clinical implications,\u201d","author":"Yadav","year":"2026","journal-title":"Human Microbiota for Skincare"},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14358","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14358","article-title":"Mapping epidermal and dermal cellular senescence in human skin aging","volume":"24","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297948","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1297948","article-title":"Biofilm formation is a risk factor for late and delayed complications of filler injection","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-025-03791-5","article-title":"Skin microbiome influences the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma through the immune system","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol"},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.01.004","article-title":"Commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis contributes to skin barrier homeostasis by generating protective ceramides","volume":"30","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2026.108930","article-title":"Specific microbiota tryptophan metabolites-indole-3-aldehyde and indole-3-lactic acid are key mediators in alleviating atopic dermatitis","volume":"80","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Biosci"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108661","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1108661","article-title":"Role of the skin microbiota and intestinal microbiome in rosacea","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1917816\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T12:34:16Z","timestamp":1787229256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1917816\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":127,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1917816"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1917816","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"article-number":"1917816"}}