{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:15:35Z","timestamp":1788419735358,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High-fat diet (HFD) is closely related to the increased incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and excessive fecal deoxycholic acid (DCA) induced by HFD makes significant contribution to the colonic inflammation. However, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to explore the association between DCA-induced alteration of gut microbiota as well as related metabolites and intestinal inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Wild-type C57BL\/6\u202fJ mice were orally administrated with or without 0.2% DCA for 12\u202fweeks, then the alteration of gut microbiota signature and fecal metabolites were analyzed by metagenomic sequencing and widely-targeted metabolomics, respectively. The colonic tissue injury was confirmed by histopathological analysis and pro-inflammatory cytokines production was determined by qPCR and ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      DCA administration induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and fecal metabolomic profile disturbance, accompanied with significantly increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestine, including TNF-\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2, and obvious tissue damage. Specifically, \u03b1-diversity of gut microbiota was greatly reduced by excessive DCA, and abundance analysis together with linear discriminant analysis of effect size (LEfSe) identified\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Desulfovibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                      as potential biomarkers of DCA exposure. Excessive DCA significantly decreased the abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Eubacterium plexicaudatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>bacterium 1xD42-87<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Ruminococcus flavefaciens<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which were positively correlated with the downregulation of multiple metabolites reported to possess anti-inflammatory activities, especially indoles, vitamin D3 and alpha-CEHC. Meanwhile, DCA administration dramatically increased the abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Parabacteroides distasonis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroide acidifacien<\/jats:italic>\n                      , which were positively correlated with the upregulation of metabolites reported to have pro-inflammatory properties, including multiple bile acid metabolites such as chenodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. Spearman correlation analysis emphasized the important effects of aforementioned microbiota and metabolites in the association between DCA and intestinal inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study revealed that excessive DCA led to concurrent alterations of gut microbiota and metabolites, which exhibited significant correlations with intestinal inflammation, suggesting a potential indirect regulatory pathway that may involve gut microbiota. Targeting DCA-related gut microbiota or metabolites might represent a promising intervention for HFD-associated colonic inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1917982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:43:01Z","timestamp":1788417781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multi-omics analyses unveil gut microbiota and metabolites signatures in deoxycholic acid-associated intestinal inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Gaojie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zizhen","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congfeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Suzhou Yongding Hospital","place":["Suzhou, Jiangsu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University","place":["Shanghai, China"]},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition","place":["Shanghai, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2018.01.011","article-title":"Microbiota-derived indole metabo-lites promote human and murine intestinal homeostasis through regulation of interleukin-10 receptor","volume":"188","author":"Alexeev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1177\/0148607113506013","article-title":"Vitamin D and Crohn's disease in the adult patient: a review","volume":"38","author":"Basson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JPEN J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mib.0000209789.14114.63","article-title":"Unique dietary-related mouse model of colitis","volume":"12","author":"Bernstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2531-7","article-title":"Vitamin d deficiency is associated with ulcerative colitis disease activity","volume":"58","author":"Blanck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14748","article-title":"Oral delivery of pancreatitis-associated protein by Lactococcus lactis displays protective effects in dinitro-benzenesulfonic-acid-induced colitis model and is able to modulate the composition of the microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Breyner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3MA0320-406RR","article-title":"1,25(OH)2 D3 alleviates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"108","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060905","article-title":"The effects of a high-fat diet on inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Dang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2431644","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2431644","article-title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron enhances H2S production in Bilophila wadsworthia","volume":"16","author":"Davies","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1159\/000371687","article-title":"Interactions between diet, bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota, and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"33","author":"Devkota","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11225","article-title":"Dietary-fat-induced taurocholic acid promotes pathobiont expansion and colitis in Il10 \u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"487","author":"Devkota","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02649","article-title":"Inflammatory links between high fat diets and diseases","volume":"9","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00013","article-title":"Impact of the gut microbiota on intestinal immunity mediated by tryptophan metabolism","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135930","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1135930","article-title":"Vitamin D3 alleviates inflammation in ulcerative colitis by activating the VDR-NLRP6 signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.05.082","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of tocopherol metabolites","volume":"319","author":"Grammas","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050054","article-title":"Aberrant mucin assembly in mice causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and spontaneous inflammation resembling ulcerative colitis","volume":"5","author":"Heazlewood","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00151.x","article-title":"Alpha and gamma tocopherol metabolism in healthy subjects and patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"64","author":"Himmelfarb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01546-6","article-title":"Maternal Western diet mediates susceptibility of offspring to Crohn\u2019s-like colitis by deoxycholate generation","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-024-00632-w","article-title":"Desulfovibrio vulgaris caused gut inflammation and aggravated DSS-induced colitis in C57BL\/6 mice model","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2016.01.002","article-title":"Sulfide as a mucus barrier-breaker in inflammatory bowel disease?","volume":"22","author":"Ijssennagger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14842","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.14842","article-title":"Deoxycholic acid exacerbates intestinal inflammation by modulating interleukin-1 \u03b2expression and tuft cell proportion in dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine colitis","volume":"11","author":"Ju","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae074","article-title":"Influence of vitamin D receptor Signalling and vitamin D on colonic epithelial cell fate decisions in ulcerative colitis","volume":"18","author":"Kellermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5217\/ir.2018.00022","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with disease activity in patients with Crohn's disease","volume":"17","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intest. Res."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000171459","article-title":"Is vitamin E depleted in Crohn\u2019s disease at initial diagnosis?","volume":"12","author":"Kuroki","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2015.08.001","article-title":"Roles of indole as an interspeciesmand interkingdom signaling molecule","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D400044-JLR200","article-title":"Quantitation of rat liver vitamin E metabolites by LC-MS during high-dose vitamin E administration","volume":"46","author":"Leonard","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.12.015","article-title":"A gut microbiota-bile acid axis promotes intestinal homeostasis upon aspirin-mediated damage","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377576","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2377576","article-title":"Gut microbiota metabolite indole-3-acetic acid maintains intestinal epithelial homeostasis through mucin sulfation","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-2070-5","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency associated with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis of 55 observational studies","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12910","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: association of a pre-illness Western dietary pattern with the risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-01109-0","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite deoxycholic acid facilitates Th17 differentiation through modulating cholesterol biosynthesis and participates in high-fat diet-associated colonic inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-016-0187-3","article-title":"Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5588","DOI":"10.1039\/c8fo01143e","article-title":"Deoxycholic acid disrupts the intestinal mucosal barrier and promotes intestinal tumorigenesis","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.10.270","article-title":"The gut microbiota metabolite glycochenodeoxycholate activates TFR-ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis to promote the development of environmental toxin-linked MAFLD","volume":"193","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.04.004","article-title":"Western diet induces Paneth cell defects through microbiome alterations and farnesoid X receptor and type I interferon activation","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-025-00416-z","article-title":"The role of deoxycholic acid in macrophage polarization and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment during colorectal adenoma-carcinoma transition","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Metab."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2023.2200518","article-title":"Bile acid alterations associated with indolent course of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03967-5","article-title":"A single sulfatase is required to access colonic mucin by a gut bacterium","volume":"598","author":"Luis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-019-0129-5","article-title":"Excess calorie intake early in life increases susceptibility to colitis in adulthood","volume":"1","author":"Nabhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285357","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1285357","article-title":"Bile acids induce IL-1\u03b1 and drive NLRP3 inflammasome-independent production of IL-1\u03b2 in murine dendritic cells","volume":"14","author":"Oleszycka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974701","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/974701","article-title":"Identification of urinary biomarkers of colon inflammation in IL10\u2212\/\u2212 mice using short-column LCMS metabolomics","volume":"2011","author":"Otter","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476407","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1476407","article-title":"GYY4137, as a slow-releasing H2S donor, ameliorates sodium deoxycholate-induced chronic intestinal barrier injury and gut microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G730","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00006.2015","article-title":"Dietary vitamin D3 deficiency alters intestinal mucosal defense and increases susceptibility to Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis","volume":"309","author":"Ryz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041182","article-title":"Consumption of cooked black beans stimulates a cluster of some Clostridia class bacteria decreasing inflammatory response and improving insulin sensitivity","volume":"12","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Tapia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4185","article-title":"Signals from the gut micro-biota to distant organs in physiology and disease","volume":"22","author":"Schroeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882498","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.882498","article-title":"Intestinal alkaline phosphatase prevents sulfate-reducing bacteria-induced increased tight junction permeability by inhibiting snail pathway","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.01.021","article-title":"Dysbiosis-induced secondary bile acid deficiency promotes intestinal inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Sinha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G227","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00267.2012","article-title":"A novel mechanism for gut barrier dysfunction by dietary fat: epithelial disruption by hydrophobic bile acids","volume":"304","author":"Stenman","year":"","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.180810","article-title":"Higher fecal bile acid hydrophobicity is associated with exacerbation of dextran sodium sulfate colitis in mice","volume":"143","author":"Stenman","year":"","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i9.923","article-title":"High-fat-induced intestinal permeability dysfunction associated with altered fecal bile acids","volume":"18","author":"Stenman","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24289","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.573303","article-title":"Characterization of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sulfatases from the human gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron reveals the first GAG-specific bacterial endosulfatase","volume":"289","author":"Ulmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2024.101944","article-title":"Microbial metabolite deoxycholic acid-mediated ferroptosis exacerbates high-fat diet-induced colonic inflammation","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1819155","article-title":"Gut microbial bile acid metabolite skews macrophage polarization and contributes to high-fat diet-induced colonic inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2022.2048817","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in ulcerative colitis: an update on basic research and therapeutic applications","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113570","article-title":"Gut microbiota contributes to the intestinal and extraintestinal immune homeostasis by balancing Th17\/Treg cells","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01273-4","article-title":"Deletion of both Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 affects the bacterial but not fungal gut microbiota and susceptibility to colitis in mice","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2353399","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2353399","article-title":"Host-microbiota interaction in intestinal stem cell homeostasis","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-020-06208-3","article-title":"Deoxycholic acid-induced gut Dysbiosis disrupts bile acid enterohepatic circulation and promotes intestinal inflammation","volume":"66","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113010","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v32.i6.113010","article-title":"Effects and mechanism of Bifidobacterium on intestinal inflammation resulting from deoxycholic acid-induced M1 polarization of macrophages","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12347","article-title":"Obesity-induced gut microbial metabolite promotes liver cancer through senescence secretome","volume":"499","author":"Yoshimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030723","article-title":"Deoxycholic acid modulates cell-junction gene expression and increases intestinal barrier dysfunction in Caco-2 cell monolayers","volume":"27","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051214","article-title":"Secondary bile acids and short Chain fatty acids in the Colon: a focus on colonic microbiome, cell proliferation, inflammation, and Cancer","volume":"20","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13672","article-title":"Effect of gut flora mediated-bile acid metabolism on intestinal immune microenvironment","volume":"170","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00536","article-title":"Deoxycholic acid triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation and aggravates DSS-induced colitis in mice","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2024.112200","article-title":"16\u03b1-OHE1 alleviates hypoxia-induced inflammation and myocardial damage via the activation of \u03b22-adrenergic receptor","volume":"587","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1917982\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:43:02Z","timestamp":1788417782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1917982\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":64,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1917982"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1917982","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1917982"}}