{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:12:45Z","timestamp":1788502365430,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006013","name":"United Arab Emirates University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Irrigation water quality markedly shapes plant growth and physiological functioning, particularly under integrated biotic and abiotic stresses. This study evaluated the influence of irrigation water types, tap water (TW), domestic wastewater (DWW), Lyari wastewater (LWW), and Malir wastewater (MWW), interacting with wastewater-isolated bioprotectant\n                    <jats:italic>Trichoderma viride<\/jats:italic>\n                    on\n                    <jats:italic>Abelmoschus esculentus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infected with soil-borne pathogens\n                    <jats:italic>Fusarium oxysporum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Rhizoctonia solani<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Morphological traits, together with ITS amplicon sequencing and BLAST analysis, confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>T. viride<\/jats:italic>\n                    (PZ212855). Plants treated with LWW and\n                    <jats:italic>T. viride<\/jats:italic>\n                    showed pronounced enhancements in agronomic and physiological traits, i.e., enhanced plant height (101.25 \u00b1 2.87 cm), fresh biomass (24.04 \u00b1 0.86 g), dry biomass (8.45 \u00b1 0.32 g), leaf number (20.25 \u00b1 0.75), fruit fresh biomass (14.33 \u00b1 0.55 g), chlorophyll a (2.12 \u00b1 0.0 4 mg\/g F.wt), chlorophyll b (1.30 \u00b1 0.02 mg\/g F.wt), total chlorophyll (3.42 \u00b1 0.02 mg\/g F.wt), carotenoids (0.75 \u00b1 0.02 mg\/g F.wt), and total soluble proteins (1.66 \u00b1 0.02 mg\/g F.wt). These increases corresponded with the greater nutrient content of LWW and DWW, which met FAO irrigation standards. DWW upgraded plant functioning, but its slightly higher arsenic concentration required mitigation using\n                    <jats:italic>T. viride<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the rhizosphere. MWW, exhibiting greater physicochemical loads and higher arsenic, generated oxidative stress, increased H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (2.74 \u00b1 0.01 nm\/g F.wt) and MDA (0.97 \u00b1 0.03 nm\/g F.wt), and reduced growth.\n                    <jats:italic>T. viride<\/jats:italic>\n                    partially mitigated these effects by regulating antioxidant enzyme activity. Overall, integrating nutrient-rich wastewater with\n                    <jats:italic>T. viride<\/jats:italic>\n                    improved plant growth, yield, and stress resilience under challenging conditions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1920491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:29:45Z","timestamp":1788499785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioprotective role of Trichoderma viride in improving Abelmoschus esculentus growth and yield under wastewater irrigation and dual biotic-abiotic stress"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Paras","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Sanya Central Hospital of Hainan University, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University","place":["Haikou, China"]},{"name":"Sanya Research Institute of Hainan University","place":["Sanya, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Sanya Central Hospital of Hainan University, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Pollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Biotecnology Gen\u00f3mica de Plantas, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y TecnologAgraria y Alimentaci\u00f3n (INIA\/CSIC)","place":["Madrid, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqas","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dingxi Potato Research Institute (General Partnership), Dingxi","place":["Gansu, China"]},{"name":"International Potato Center, China Center for Asia Pacific (CIP-CCCAP)","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Shahid","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University","place":["Haikou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Abid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.G. Lab of Aerobiology and Plant Pathology, Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology","place":["Karachi, Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajid","family":"Fiaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore","place":["Lahore, Pakistan"]},{"name":"Life Sciences Research Center, Western Caspian University","place":["Baku, Azerbaijan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naitong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou","place":["Hainan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Sanya Central Hospital of Hainan University, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University","place":["Haikou, China"]},{"name":"Sanya Research Institute of Hainan University","place":["Sanya, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qurban","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain","place":["Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.22097\/eeer.2018.96582.1011","article-title":"Waste management planning in Amirkabir petrochemical complex","volume":"2","author":"Abbasi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. 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