{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:16:24Z","timestamp":1788419784969,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation (MICP) is widely investigated for soil improvement, surface consolidation, and self-healing concrete, yet concrete crack sealing often fails not because calcium carbonate cannot form, but because precipitates are produced at poorly connected locations. In ureolytic systems,\n                    <jats:italic>Sporosarcina pasteurii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and related bacteria raise pH and carbonate alkalinity by hydrolyzing urea, while calcium supplies drive supersaturation. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix around cells and biofilms is therefore not a passive coating; it can bind Ca2+, retain water and enzymes, shape diffusion gradients, and provide nucleation sites for calcite or metastable CaCO3. This mini review differs from broader MICP reviews by examining EPS control of mineral localization and bonding in concrete cracks. Representative studies report closure of 0.46-mm cracks after 100 d vs. 0.18 mm in controls and urea-hydrolysis constants of 0.09\u20130.91 d\u22121 between 10 \u00b0C and 20 \u00b0C. Evidence supports EPS effects on crystal morphology, distribution, and attachment, but causal proof within concrete cracks remains limited. We summarize how EPS chemistry and biofilm architecture affect local carbonate nucleation, how concrete crack conditions modify this process, and which measurements can separate EPS templating from bulk solution precipitation. We also compare ureolysis with other carbonate-forming pathways; adhesion, hydration, and cation binding may generalize, whereas kinetics and by-products are pathway-specific. The main implication is that MICP protocols should be evaluated by mineral localization and bonding quality, not only by total CaCO3 yield.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1921241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:43:13Z","timestamp":1788417793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extracellular polymeric substances as local nucleation microenvironments in ureolytic MICP for concrete crack sealing: a mini review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Zijun","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital","place":["Sichuan, Panzhihua, China"]},{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University","place":["Yunnan, Kunming, China"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology","place":["Yunnan, Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital","place":["Sichuan, Panzhihua, China"]},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Dali University","place":["Yunnan, Dali, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Undergraduate Division, Ocean University of China","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangyu","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital","place":["Sichuan, Panzhihua, China"]},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Dali University","place":["Yunnan, Dali, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"xiuying","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital","place":["Sichuan, Panzhihua, China"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College","place":["Nanchong, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University","place":["Yunnan, Kunming, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaochen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Minimally Invasive Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University","place":["Jinan, China."]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangjing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital","place":["Sichuan, Panzhihua, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.22080\/cste.2025.28436.1010","article-title":"Experimental study on strength properties of MICP-treated silty sand","volume":"1","author":"Abbasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contrib. Sci. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsasus.2025.10.003","article-title":"Mechanical and freeze-thaw (F-T) durability improvement of silica sand by microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) approach","volume":"2","author":"Abbasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Saf. Sustain."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s40515-024-00468-6","article-title":"Mechanical properties of silty sand treated with MICP technique subjected to freeze-thaw cycles","volume":"12","author":"Abbasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp. Infrastruct. Geotechnol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.2320\/matertrans.M-M2018830","article-title":"Effects of various factors on carbonate particle growth using ureolytic bacteria","volume":"59","author":"Al Imran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Trans."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000666","article-title":"Factors affecting efficiency of microbially induced calcite precipitation","volume":"138","author":"Al Qabany","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-1869-2","article-title":"Formations of calcium carbonate minerals by bacteria and its multiple applications","volume":"5","author":"Anbu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.08.006","article-title":"Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete\u2014a review","volume":"39","author":"Angst","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-017-0358-5","article-title":"Experimental and visual research on the microbial induced carbonate precipitation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amb. Express"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/19475411003593451","article-title":"Microbial calcite, a bio-based smart nanomaterial in concrete remediation","volume":"1","author":"Bang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Nano Mater."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1306\/111302730485","article-title":"Bacterially induced mineralization of calcium carbonate in terrestrial environments: the role of exopolysaccharides and amino acids","volume":"73","author":"Braissant","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sediment. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-4669.2007.00117.x","article-title":"Exopolymeric substances of sulfate-reducing bacteria: interactions with calcium at alkaline pH and implication for formation of carbonate minerals","volume":"5","author":"Braissant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geobiology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1021\/cg050436w","article-title":"Calcium carbonate crystallization in the presence of biopolymers","volume":"6","author":"Butler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01794","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01794-22","article-title":"Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation by Sporosarcina pasteurii: a case study in optimizing biological CaCO3 precipitation","volume":"89","author":"Carter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.12.011","article-title":"Bacterial carbonate precipitation as an alternative surface treatment for concrete","volume":"22","author":"De Muynck","year":"","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2009.02.006","article-title":"Microbial carbonate precipitation in construction materials: a review","volume":"36","author":"De Muynck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2008.03.005","article-title":"Bacterial carbonate precipitation improves the durability of cementitious materials","volume":"38","author":"De Muynck","year":"","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.2004.00649.x","article-title":"Microbe\u2013mineral interactions: early carbonate precipitation in a hypersaline lake (Eleuthera Island, Bahamas)","volume":"51","author":"Dupraz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W07519","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR011714","article-title":"Darcy-scale modeling of microbially induced carbonate mineral precipitation in sand columns","volume":"48","author":"Ebigbo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-022-03499-8","article-title":"Influencing factors on ureolytic microbiologically induced calcium carbonate precipitation for biocementation","volume":"39","author":"Erdmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(03)00503-9","article-title":"Kinetics of calcite precipitation induced by ureolytic bacteria at 10 to 20 C in artificial groundwater","volume":"68","author":"Ferris","year":"2004","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms4040041","article-title":"EPS\u2014then and now","volume":"4","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7945","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00858-07","article-title":"The EPS matrix: the \u201chouse of biofilm cells\u201d","volume":"189","author":"Flemming","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415","article-title":"The biofilm matrix","volume":"8","author":"Flemming","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.8.4901-4909.2003","article-title":"Strain-specific ureolytic microbial calcium carbonate precipitation","volume":"69","author":"Hammes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2023.109160","article-title":"Roles of bacteria and extracellular polymeric substance in calcium carbonate formation: insights from the effects of calcium source and deposition rate on nucleation","volume":"202","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-021-01704-1","article-title":"Genetic optimisation of bacteria-induced calcite precipitation in Bacillus subtilis","volume":"20","author":"Hoffmann","year":"","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001049","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.001049","article-title":"Bacteria-induced mineral precipitation: a mechanistic review","volume":"167","author":"Hoffmann","year":"","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2021.104404","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation on self-healing capacity of cracked concrete by water permeability test\u2014a review","volume":"127","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.32047\/CWB.2023.28.5.2","article-title":"Evaluation of microbially induced carbonate precipitation in repairing process of cement mortars by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"28","author":"Janek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cem. Lime Concr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1680\/jgeot.15.P.182","article-title":"The applicability of microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) for internal erosion control in gravel\u2013sand mixtures","volume":"67","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439828410.ch72","article-title":"Development of a bacteria-based self healing concrete","volume":"1","author":"Jonkers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tailor Made Concr. Struct."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2008.12.036","article-title":"Application of bacteria as self-healing agent for the development of sustainable concrete","volume":"36","author":"Jonkers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ecol. Eng."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11988","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c00559","article-title":"Tuning polymorphs and morphology of microbially induced calcium carbonate: Controlling factors and underlying mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Khanjani","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2017.10.009","article-title":"Urease-aided calcium carbonate mineralization for engineering applications: a review","volume":"13","author":"Krajewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings12091348","article-title":"Crack self-healing of cement mortar containing ureolytic bacteria immobilized in artificial functional carrier under different exposure environments","volume":"12","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.117","article-title":"Factors affecting crack repairing capacity of bacteria-based self-healing concrete","volume":"87","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01386","article-title":"Bacterial calcium carbonate mineralization in situ strategies for conservation of stone artworks: from cell components to microbial community","volume":"11","author":"Marvasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1179\/095066003225005836","article-title":"Calcium carbonate in biomineralisation and biomimetic chemistry","volume":"48","author":"Meldrum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. Mater. Rev."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.21809\/rilemtechlett.2019.93","article-title":"Bacteria-based self-healing concrete: evaluation of full scale demonstrator projects","volume":"4","author":"Mors","year":"2019","journal-title":"RILEM Tech. Lett."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4491\/eer.2020.379","article-title":"Bioprecipitation of calcium carbonate mediated by ureolysis: a review","volume":"26","author":"Omoregie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Eng. Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.4.2182-2193.2003","article-title":"Conservation of ornamental stone by Myxococcus xanthus-induced carbonate biomineralization","volume":"69","author":"Rodriguez-Navarro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16220","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1077739","article-title":"Characterization, structure, and function of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of microbial biofilm in biological wastewater treatment systems: a review","volume":"57","author":"Salama","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3616473","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3616473","article-title":"Modelling microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) in microfluidic porous chips","volume":"2022","author":"Shu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1838","article-title":"Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms","volume":"6","author":"Stewart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(99)00082-6","article-title":"Microbiological precipitation of CaCO3","volume":"31","author":"Stocks-Fischer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5277\/ppmp1835","article-title":"Extracellular polymeric substance of Rhodococcus opacus bacteria effects on calcium carbonate formation","volume":"54","author":"Szcze\u015b","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2009.01.006","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) mediate CaCO3 morphology and polymorphism","volume":"262","author":"Tourney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.3151\/jact.15.536","article-title":"Bio-based self-healing mortar: an experimental and numerical study","volume":"15","author":"Tziviloglou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Adv. Concr. Technol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.080","article-title":"Bacteria-based self-healing concrete to increase liquid tightness of cracks","volume":"122","author":"Tziviloglou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000382","article-title":"Quantifying biomediated ground improvement by ureolysis: large-scale biogrout experiment","volume":"136","author":"van Paassen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2009.08.025","article-title":"Use of bacteria to repair cracks in concrete","volume":"40","author":"Van Tittelboom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3502","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.8.3502-3511.1999","article-title":"Depth penetration and detection of pH gradients in biofilms by two-photon excitation microscopy","volume":"65","author":"Vroom","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.018","article-title":"Application of hydrogel encapsulated carbonate precipitating bacteria for approaching a realistic self-healing in concrete","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32718-z","article-title":"Strengthening mechanisms of indigenous bacteria in granite residual soil improvement via microbial induced calcite precipitation","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3817","DOI":"10.1007\/s11440-022-01478-9","article-title":"Use of microfluidic experiments to optimize MICP treatment protocols for effective strength enhancement of MICP-treated sandy soils","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Geotech."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1680\/jgeot.18.P.031","article-title":"A microfluidic chip and its use in characterising the particle-scale behaviour of microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP)","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/01490450701436505","article-title":"Microbial carbonate precipitation as a soil improvement technique","volume":"24","author":"Whiffin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geomicrobiol. J."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2011.03.012","article-title":"Quantification of crack-healing in novel bacteria-based self-healing concrete","volume":"33","author":"Wiktor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826075","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1826075","article-title":"Probiotics use environmentally friendly calcium lignosulfonate as an energy source to MICP-acting on concrete and soil remediation","volume":"17","author":"Yan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.cgd.9b01113","article-title":"Directing effect of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on calcite organization and EPS\u2013carbonate composite aggregate formation","volume":"20","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryst. Growth Des."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1080\/19648189.2020.1755370","article-title":"Optimizing protocols for microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP) for soil improvement\u2013a review","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Environ. Civil Eng."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5420","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17225420","article-title":"Improvement schemes for bacteria in MICP: a review","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2016.00004","article-title":"Carbonate precipitation through microbial activities in natural environment, and their potential in biotechnology: a review","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1921241\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:43:15Z","timestamp":1788417795000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1921241\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1921241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1921241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"article-number":"1921241"}}