{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:08:33Z","timestamp":1790010513997,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      is an opportunistic pathogen of One Health relevance and an important reservoir of antimicrobial resistance in poultry production systems. In this study, we generated a large-scale quantitative phage-host interaction dataset to support the rational design of phage cocktails targeting multidrug-resistant poultry-associated\n                      <jats:italic>E. faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-eight lytic phages were isolated from poultry farm samples, genomically characterized, and evaluated against 51 clinical poultry isolates using efficiency of plating as a quantitative measure of productive infectivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The complete phage collection achieved 94.12% cumulative strain coverage, while genomic relatedness showed only a moderate association with infectivity profiles, highlighting the need for functional screening. Computational optimization identified a six-phage cocktail, CKT6, which displayed broad\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      activity against diverse strain backgrounds, reaching 92.16% coverage at MOI 1. Importantly, cocktail performance was not fully predictable from individual phage activity, as host-dependent synergistic and antagonistic effects were observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings support quantitative phage-host interaction profiling as a robust framework for reproducible and adaptive phage-cocktail design. Further validation under biofilm-associated, formulation-relevant and field-like poultry-production conditions will be required before practical application.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1924276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T16:27:12Z","timestamp":1790008032000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative phage-host interaction profiling supports the design of a broadly active phage cocktail against multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis from poultry"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Josep","family":"Garcia-Llorens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Calidad Av\u00edcola y Alimentaci\u00f3n Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana, (CECAV)","place":["Castell\u00f3n, Spain"]},{"name":"Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio Samuel","family":"G\u00f3mez-Cano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Calidad Av\u00edcola y Alimentaci\u00f3n Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana, (CECAV)","place":["Castell\u00f3n, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Torres-Boncompte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Calidad Av\u00edcola y Alimentaci\u00f3n Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana, (CECAV)","place":["Castell\u00f3n, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose M.","family":"Soriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia","place":["Valencia, Spain"]},{"name":"Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe","place":["Valencia, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Catal\u00e1-Gregori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Calidad Av\u00edcola y Alimentaci\u00f3n Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana, (CECAV)","place":["Castell\u00f3n, Spain"]},{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n y Sanidad Animal, Salud P\u00fablica Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities","place":["Moncada, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Sevilla-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Calidad Av\u00edcola y Alimentaci\u00f3n Animal de la Comunidad Valenciana, (CECAV)","place":["Castell\u00f3n, Spain"]},{"name":"Departamento de Producci\u00f3n y Sanidad Animal, Salud P\u00fablica Veterinaria y Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities","place":["Moncada, Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3390\/v17121573","article-title":"Optical density-based methods in phage biology: Titering, lysis timing, host range, and phage-resistance evolution","volume":"17","author":"Abedon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3390\/v18010097","article-title":"Broth optical density-based assessment for phage therapy: turbidity reduction, antibacterial virulence, and time-kill","volume":"18","author":"Abedon","year":"2026","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12061202","article-title":"Biological traits and comprehensive genomic analysis of novel Enterococcus faecalis bacteriophage EFP6","volume":"12","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2024.199426","article-title":"A diverse set of Enterococcus-infecting phage provides insight into phage host-range determinants","volume":"347","author":"Alrafaie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fnw002","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnw002","article-title":"Host receptors for bacteriophage adsorption","volume":"363","author":"Bertozzi Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. 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