{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T06:08:16Z","timestamp":1788761296034,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study investigated the effects of different biochar application rates on wheat yield, soil microbial activity, enzyme function, and CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      emissions under two nitrogen fertilization levels, aiming to identify an optimal strategy for improving soil health and reducing emissions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A randomized block design was used with eight treatments combining two nitrogen rates (conventional N1: 300\u202fkg\u00b7ha\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      , reduced N2: 255\u202fkg\u00b7ha\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and four biochar doses (0, 10, 20, 30\u202ft\u00b7ha\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Soil microbial community, respiration, enzyme activities, and CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      emissions were analyzed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Biochar enhanced overall soil microbial activity and diversity. The highest microbial activity indices occurred with conventional nitrogen and moderate biochar (N1B2). All biochar treatments increased microbial diversity, with ester consumption as the primary carbon source. The combination of reduced nitrogen and moderate biochar (N2B2) lowered cumulative CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      emissions by 4.42% compared to reduced nitrogen alone. Both nitrogen and biochar increased sucrase, urease, and catalase activities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The application of reduced nitrogen (255\u202fkg\u00b7ha\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) with moderate biochar (20\u202ft\u00b7ha\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) is identified as an optimal strategy to enhance the soil micro environment and mitigate CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      emissions in irrigated wheat fields, though its long-term effects require further assessment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1924861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:33:47Z","timestamp":1788759227000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of biochar on enzyme activity, respiration, and microbial population in irrigated farmland"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Junfei","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lining","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruxue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Forest and Grass Germplasm Resources Facilities Preservation Library Xinjiang Branch, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningju","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shufang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xayda","family":"Mamat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qihua","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agronomy, Xinjiang Agricultural University","place":["Urumqi, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10411-5","article-title":"Short term effects of biochar on soil chemical properties, growth, yield, quality, and shelf life of tomato","volume":"15","author":"Adekiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12119","article-title":"Biochar amendment to soils with contrasting organic matter level: effects on N mineralization and biological soil properties","volume":"7","author":"Ameloot","year":"2015","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"01032","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/202562301032","article-title":"Comparative assessment of carbon dioxide emissions from soil under the influence of loosening and the introduction of additives in the form of compost and biochar","volume":"623","author":"Babichuk","year":"2025","journal-title":"E3S Web Conf"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023JG007637","DOI":"10.1029\/2023JG007637","article-title":"Twenty years of progress, challenges, and opportunities in measuring and understanding soil respiration","volume":"129","author":"Bond-Lamberty","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.060","article-title":"Biochar, soil and land-use interactions that reduce nitrate leaching and N2O emissions: a meta-analysis","volume":"651","author":"Borchard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-018-1333-2","article-title":"Organic carbon quality, composition of main microbial groups, enzyme activities, and temperature sensitivity of soil respiration of an acid paddy soil treated with biochar","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11192576","article-title":"Effects of nitrogen deficiency on the metabolism of organic acids and amino acids in Oryza sativa","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2024.104006","article-title":"Nitrogen-loaded biochar for environmental management: enhancing nitrogen utilization balance in farmland, mitigating ammonia volatilization, and improving fertilizer efficiency","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejsobi.2021.103288","article-title":"Long-term mineral fertilizer substitution by organic fertilizer and the effect on the abundance and community structure of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria in paddy soil of South China","volume":"103","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Soil Biol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-021-00099-x","article-title":"Association of biochar properties with changes in soil bacterial, fungal and fauna communities and nutrient cycling processes","volume":"3","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09107-w","article-title":"Biochar and urea co-application regulates nitrogen availability in soil","volume":"193","author":"Dey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-025-00499-3","article-title":"The impacts of biochar on carbon sequestration, soil processes, and microbial communities: a review","volume":"7","author":"Enebe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-024-00397-0","article-title":"Advancing modified biochar for sustainable agriculture: a comprehensive review on characterization, analysis, and soil performance","volume":"7","author":"Fakhar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145414","article-title":"Soil colloids affect the aggregation and stability of biochar colloids","volume":"771","author":"Gui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-023-00296-w","article-title":"Biochar and organic fertilizer applications enhance soil functional microbial abundance and agroecosystem multifunctionality","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2016.05.004","article-title":"Gasification biochar has limited effects on functional and structural diversity of soil microbial communities in a temperate agroecosystem","volume":"99","author":"Imparato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(15)30058-8","article-title":"Soil microbial responses to biochars varying in particle size, surface and pore properties","volume":"25","author":"Jaafar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2024.109170","article-title":"Biochar enhances soil hydrological function by improving the pore structure of saline soil","volume":"306","author":"Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728530","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.728530","article-title":"Effects of biochar application on enzyme activities in tea garden soil","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-025-00452-4","article-title":"Interactions between microbial extracellular polymeric substances and biochar, and their potential applications: a review","volume":"7","author":"Kayoumu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12884","article-title":"Compensation of high nitrogen toxicity and nitrogen deficiency with biochar amendment through enhancement of soil fertility and nitrogen use efficiency promoted rice growth and yield","volume":"13","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00852-8","article-title":"Biochar in climate change mitigation","volume":"14","author":"Lehmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144204","article-title":"An overview on engineering the surface area and porosity of biochar","volume":"763","author":"Leng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.04.019","article-title":"Biochar reduces soil heterotrophic respiration in a subtropical plantation through increasing soil organic carbon recalcitrancy and decreasing carbon-degrading microbial activity","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86636-1","article-title":"Biochar and bentonite application improves aeolian sandy soil health and enhances soil carbon sequestration and emission reduction potential","volume":"15","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2025.104475","article-title":"Biennial biochar application mitigates N\u2082O emissions in saline\u2013alkali soils by modulating microbial communities and metabolic pathways","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15181941","article-title":"Effects of co-application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on soil properties and microbial communities in tea plantation","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2017.01.004","article-title":"Soil enzymes as indicators of saline soil fertility under various soil amendments","volume":"237","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.179","article-title":"Biochar has no effect on soil respiration across Chinese agricultural soils","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-024-00411-5","article-title":"Unravelling the role of biochar-microbe-soil tripartite interaction in regulating soil carbon and nitrogen budget: a panacea to soil sustainability","volume":"7","author":"Parasar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.126810","article-title":"Biochar-composting facilitates hexavalent chromium reduction and improves soil quality and microbial community structure","volume":"392","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8700","DOI":"10.3390\/su15118700","article-title":"The impacts of biochar-assisted factors on the hydrophysical characteristics of amended soils: a review","volume":"15","author":"Ramezanzadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-025-00481-z","article-title":"Phosphorus\/iron-doped biochar enabling a synergy for cadmium immobilization and carbon sequestration in fluctuating redox paddy soils","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295722","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1295722","article-title":"Chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer affects the soil microbial community and diversity and yield of cotton","volume":"14","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134467","article-title":"Large-scale soil application of hydrochar: reducing its polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content and toxicity by heating","volume":"471","author":"Si","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2022.107974","article-title":"Organic amendment regulates soil microbial biomass and activity in wheat-maize and wheat-soybean rotation systems","volume":"333","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.3390\/f16050837","article-title":"Biochar applications did not increase summer soil respiration in a European beech forest","volume":"16","author":"Vannini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s44246-023-00035-7","article-title":"Role of biochar toward carbon neutrality","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbon Res."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511277","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1511277","article-title":"Impacts of plant root traits and microbial functional attributes on soil respiration components in the desert-oasis ecotone","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657149","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1657149","article-title":"Pyrolysis temperature shapes biochar-mediated soil microbial communities and carbon-nitrogen metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafr.2026.102664","article-title":"Recent advances in soil carbon sequestration and emission reduction within legume green manure enhanced rotation systems: a review","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Res."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.141265","article-title":"Effect and mechanism of biochar on CO2 and N2O emissions under different nitrogen fertilization gradient from an acidic soil","volume":"747","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02565-x","article-title":"Asymmetric responses of soil organic carbon stability to shifting dominance of pH-mediated metal-bound organic carbon","volume":"6","author":"Wen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46894","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14803-8","article-title":"Biochar porosity: a nature-based dependent parameter to deliver microorganisms to soils for land restoration","volume":"28","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-021-01574-0","article-title":"Biochar co-application mitigated the stimulation of organic amendments on soil respiration by decreasing microbial activities in an infertile soil","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110531","article-title":"Biochar increases nitrogen use efficiency of maize by relieving aluminum toxicity and improving soil quality in acidic soil","volume":"196","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3390\/f16020197","article-title":"Effects of herbaceous plant encroachment on the soil carbon pool in the shrub tundra of the Changbai mountains","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Forests"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-025-00430-w","article-title":"Differences in the physical protection mechanisms of soil organic carbon with 13C-labeled straw and biochar","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2022.105505","article-title":"Soil pore structure changes induced by biochar affect microbial diversity and community structure in an Ultisol","volume":"224","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156333","article-title":"Changes in soil properties and CO2 emissions after biochar addition: role of pyrolysis temperature and aging","volume":"839","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.17221\/199\/2023-PSE","article-title":"Biochar application influences the stability of soil aggregates and wheat yields","volume":"70","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9789","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94784-7","article-title":"Effects of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on microbial communities, CO2 emissions, and organic carbon content in soil","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121578","article-title":"Comparative assessment of soil microbial community in crude oil contaminated sites","volume":"328","author":"Yerulker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S1002-0160(15)60100-X","article-title":"Monitoring soil microbial activities in different cropping systems using combined methods","volume":"27","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pedosphere"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.still.2021.105145","article-title":"Biochar application enhances microbial interactions in mega-aggregates of farmland black soil","volume":"213","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soil Tillage Res."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-025-00451-5","article-title":"The potential of biochar to mitigate soil acidification: a global meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochar"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1924861\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:33:48Z","timestamp":1788759228000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1924861\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1924861"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2026.1924861","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"article-number":"1924861"}}